{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4281779991","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.879418","title":"Hybrid HCNN-KNN Model Enhances Age Estimation Accuracy in Orthopantomography","display_name":"Hybrid HCNN-KNN Model Enhances Age Estimation Accuracy in Orthopantomography","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4281779991","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.879418","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35712286","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9197238"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.879418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.879418","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.879418","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.879418/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595931848","display_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","issn_l":"2296-2565","issn":["2296-2565"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.879418/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049887214","display_name":"Fatemeh Sharifonnasabi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143550","display_name":"Taylor's University","ror":"https://ror.org/0498pcx51","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143550"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fatemeh Sharifonnasabi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science & Engineering, School of Computing & IT (SoCIT), Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science & Engineering, School of Computing & IT (SoCIT), Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143550"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029582839","display_name":"Noor Zaman Jhanjhi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8116-4733","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8116-4733"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143550","display_name":"Taylor's University","ror":"https://ror.org/0498pcx51","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143550"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noor Jhanjhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science & Engineering, School of Computing & IT (SoCIT), Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8116-4733","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science & Engineering, School of Computing & IT (SoCIT), Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143550"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066599164","display_name":"Jacob John","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8452-0676","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8452-0676"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33849332","display_name":"University of Malaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00rzspn62","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143550","display_name":"Taylor's University","ror":"https://ror.org/0498pcx51","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143550"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacob John","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","School of Computing & IT (SoCIT) , Taylor's University Subang Jaya , Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing & IT (SoCIT) , Taylor's University Subang Jaya , Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143550"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067680734","display_name":"Peyman Obeidy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1957-3154","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1957-3154"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peyman Obeidy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Charles Perkins Centre , Faculty of Medicine and Health , University of Sydney , AUSTRALIA","Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Charles Perkins Centre , Faculty of Medicine and Health , University of Sydney , AUSTRALIA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006293953","display_name":"Shahab S. Band","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6109-1311","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6109-1311"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75357094","display_name":"National Yunlin University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04qkq2m54","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75357094"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahab Shamshirband","raw_affiliation_strings":["Future Technology Research Centre, College of Future, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Future Technology Research Centre, College of Future, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75357094"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019852514","display_name":"Hamid Alinejad\u2010Rokny","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2189-9153","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2189-9153"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hamid Alinejad Rokny","raw_affiliation_strings":["BioMedical Machine Learning Lab (BML), The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia","Health Data Analytics Program, AI-enabled Processes (AIP) Research Centre, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia","UNSW Data Science Hub, The University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BioMedical Machine Learning Lab (BML), The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Data Analytics Program, AI-enabled Processes (AIP) Research Centre, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNSW Data Science Hub, The University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020079556","display_name":"Mohammed Baz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2417-4374","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2417-4374"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Baz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering , College of Computer and Information Technology , Taif University , PO Box. 11099 , Taif 21994 , Saudi Arabia","Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering , College of Computer and Information Technology , Taif University , PO Box. 11099 , Taif 21994 , Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019852514"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571","https://openalex.org/I99043593"],"apc_list":{"value":2950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2950},"apc_paid":{"value":2950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2950},"fwci":21.4008,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99446359,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"879418","last_page":"879418"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10992","display_name":"Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies","score":0.7544000148773193,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology (arts and humanities)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10992","display_name":"Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies","score":0.7544000148773193,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology (arts and humanities)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11363","display_name":"Dental Radiography and Imaging","score":0.24220000207424164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-estimation","display_name":"age estimation","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/panoramic-radiography","display_name":"panoramic radiography","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dental-radiographs","display_name":"dental radiographs","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-classification","display_name":"ensemble classification","score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forensic-age-estimation","display_name":"forensic age estimation","score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"principal component analysis","score":0.550000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-preprocessing","display_name":"image preprocessing","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-age-estimation","display_name":"facial age estimation","score":0.3490000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/postmortem-interval","display_name":"postmortem interval","score":0.5149999856948853}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.7813575267791748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7259416580200195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7125450372695923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6932010054588318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.5532307028770447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5120149254798889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.5113257765769958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.4707667827606201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4373587965965271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.42662322521209717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4251364469528198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.39494866132736206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.33711445331573486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007223","descriptor_name":"Infant","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011862","descriptor_name":"Radiography, Panoramic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.879418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.879418","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.879418","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.879418/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595931848","display_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","issn_l":"2296-2565","issn":["2296-2565"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0413.v3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202108.0413.v3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202108.0413.v3","pdf_url":"https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202108.0413/v3/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6309402219","display_name":"Preprints.org","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9197238","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9197238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Public Health","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:35712286","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35712286","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in public health","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.jcu.edu.au:84422","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/84422/1/84422.pdf","pdf_url":"https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/84422/1/84422.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196350","display_name":"ResearchOnline - JCU (James Cook University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I86467917","host_organization_name":"James Cook University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86467917"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d2b88c2c97774510b66e609945ae557a","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d2b88c2c97774510b66e609945ae557a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Public Health, Vol 10 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.879418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.879418","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.879418","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.879418/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595931848","display_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","issn_l":"2296-2565","issn":["2296-2565"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7299194679","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TURSP-2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323722","funder_display_name":"Taif University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7421628520","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TURSP-2020/239","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323722","funder_display_name":"Taif University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320965","display_name":"University of New South Wales","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323722","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4281779991.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4281779991.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W133976573","https://openalex.org/W1578047458","https://openalex.org/W1996701873","https://openalex.org/W2014560520","https://openalex.org/W2081666543","https://openalex.org/W2118902885","https://openalex.org/W2142840371","https://openalex.org/W2185806431","https://openalex.org/W2188542751","https://openalex.org/W2320618686","https://openalex.org/W2323982935","https://openalex.org/W2330045552","https://openalex.org/W2334627744","https://openalex.org/W2483369080","https://openalex.org/W2525436393","https://openalex.org/W2546410677","https://openalex.org/W2567736956","https://openalex.org/W2755940713","https://openalex.org/W2759166014","https://openalex.org/W2765406310","https://openalex.org/W2767140395","https://openalex.org/W2786771263","https://openalex.org/W2886831300","https://openalex.org/W2899506405","https://openalex.org/W2911830938","https://openalex.org/W2926200579","https://openalex.org/W2931011950","https://openalex.org/W2971176085","https://openalex.org/W2980444207","https://openalex.org/W2986975783","https://openalex.org/W2999106968","https://openalex.org/W3000473540","https://openalex.org/W3001287605","https://openalex.org/W3003665978","https://openalex.org/W3004332177","https://openalex.org/W3005408818","https://openalex.org/W3007548282","https://openalex.org/W3010673606","https://openalex.org/W3013828496","https://openalex.org/W3018040156","https://openalex.org/W3034749675","https://openalex.org/W3035951809","https://openalex.org/W3044742337","https://openalex.org/W3082458882","https://openalex.org/W3086089451","https://openalex.org/W3107335993","https://openalex.org/W3119883464","https://openalex.org/W3125625827","https://openalex.org/W3131662742","https://openalex.org/W3133164199","https://openalex.org/W3195176977","https://openalex.org/W3196331722","https://openalex.org/W3200707343","https://openalex.org/W4206836028","https://openalex.org/W4220773814","https://openalex.org/W4220911960","https://openalex.org/W4224236645","https://openalex.org/W6686615565"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210635552","https://openalex.org/W4316136281","https://openalex.org/W3134183376","https://openalex.org/W3193365801","https://openalex.org/W3003562648","https://openalex.org/W4406813606","https://openalex.org/W4402920977","https://openalex.org/W4386325324","https://openalex.org/W7112821635","https://openalex.org/W4318570435"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Age":[0,97],"estimation":[1,62,70,86,98,151],"in":[2,41,77,104,114,209,217,303],"dental":[3,188,207],"radiographs":[4,189],"Orthopantomography":[5],"(OPG)":[6],"is":[7,63,99,110,166],"a":[8,101,158,251],"medical":[9],"imaging":[10,123],"technique":[11],"that":[12,263,285],"physicians":[13],"and":[14,20,34,93,173,205,228,272,274,314,323],"pathologists":[15],"utilize":[16],"for":[17,25,289],"disease":[18],"identification":[19],"legal":[21],"matters.":[22],"For":[23],"example,":[24],"estimating":[26],"post-mortem":[27],"interval,":[28],"detecting":[29],"child":[30],"abuse,":[31],"drug":[32],"trafficking,":[33],"identifying":[35],"an":[36,53,139],"unknown":[37],"body.":[38],"Recent":[39,112],"development":[40,113],"automated":[42],"image":[43,95,107,143,247],"processing":[44,108,118],"models":[45],"improved":[46,269],"the":[47,106,122,127,147,201,213,222,230,238,270,276,280,290,294,301],"age":[48,69,85,150,302],"estimation's":[49],"limited":[50],"precision":[51],"to":[52,133,145,157,184,194,255,293],"approximate":[54],"range":[55],"of":[56,129,142,149,160,190,215,240,253,279,296,306,319],"+/-":[57],"1":[58,155,307],"year.":[59],"While":[60],"this":[61],"often":[64,100],"accepted":[65],"as":[66,73,75,82],"accurate":[67],"measurement,":[68],"should":[71],"be":[72,134],"precise":[74],"possible":[76],"most":[78],"serious":[79],"matters,":[80],"such":[81],"homicide.":[83],"Current":[84],"techniques":[87,131],"are":[88],"highly":[89],"dependent":[90],"on":[91,168],"manual":[92],"time-consuming":[94],"processing.":[96],"time-sensitive":[102],"matter":[103],"which":[105],"time":[109,124],"vital.":[111],"Machine":[115],"learning-based":[116],"data":[117],"methods":[119],"has":[120,268],"decreased":[121],"processing;":[125],"however,":[126],"accuracy":[128,148],"these":[130,265],"remains":[132],"further":[135,236],"improved.":[136],"We":[137,249,259],"proposed":[138],"ensemble":[140],"method":[141],"classifiers":[144],"enhance":[146,237],"using":[152],"OPGs":[153,197],"from":[154,200],"year":[156,308],"couple":[159],"months":[161,313],"(1-3-6).":[162],"This":[163],"hybrid":[164,179,242],"model":[165,181],"based":[167],"convolutional":[169],"neural":[170],"networks":[171],"(CNN)":[172],"K":[174],"nearest":[175],"neighbors":[176],"(KNN).":[177],"The":[178],"(HCNN-KNN)":[180],"was":[182],"used":[183,221],"investigate":[185],"1,922":[186],"panoramic":[187],"patients":[191],"aged":[192],"15":[193],"23.":[195],"These":[196],"were":[198],"obtained":[199],"various":[202],"teaching":[203],"institutes":[204],"private":[206],"clinics":[208],"Malaysia.":[210],"To":[211,235],"minimize":[212],"chance":[214],"overfitting":[216],"our":[218,241,257,286,297],"model,":[219,243,288],"we":[220,244],"principal":[223],"component":[224],"analysis":[225],"(PCA)":[226],"algorithm":[227],"eliminated":[229],"features":[231],"with":[232,317],"high":[233],"correlation.":[234],"performance":[239],"performed":[245],"systematic":[246],"pre-processing.":[248],"applied":[250],"series":[252],"classifications":[254],"train":[256],"model.":[258,281],"have":[260],"successfully":[261,299],"demonstrated":[262],"combining":[264],"innovative":[266,287],"approaches":[267],"classification":[271],"segmentation":[273],"thus":[275],"age-estimation":[277],"outcome":[278],"Our":[282],"findings":[283],"suggest":[284],"first":[291],"time,":[292],"best":[295],"knowledge,":[298],"estimated":[300],"classified":[304],"studies":[305],"old,":[309],"6":[310],"months,":[311],"3":[312],"1-month-old":[315],"cases":[316],"accuracies":[318],"99.98,":[320],"99.96,":[321],"99.87,":[322],"98.78":[324],"respectively.":[325]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2022-06-13T00:00:00"}