{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4281654875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w14111818","title":"Load Frequency Control of Microgrid System by Battery and Pumped-Hydro Energy Storage","display_name":"Load Frequency Control of Microgrid System by Battery and Pumped-Hydro Energy Storage","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4281654875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w14111818"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/w14111818","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w14111818","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w14111818","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/11/1818/pdf?version=1654504119","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134216166","display_name":"Water","issn_l":"2073-4441","issn":["2073-4441"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/11/1818/pdf?version=1654504119","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045514930","display_name":"Hasan H\u00fcseyin \u00c7oban","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5284-0568","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5284-0568"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133229071","display_name":"Ardahan University","ror":"https://ror.org/042ejbk14","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133229071"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hasan Huseyin Coban","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Ardahan University, Ardahan 75002, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5284-0568","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Ardahan University, Ardahan 75002, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133229071"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006978045","display_name":"Aysha Rehman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9757-3205","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9757-3205"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99165933","display_name":"University of Gujrat","ror":"https://ror.org/01xe5fb92","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99165933"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aysha Rehman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9757-3205","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99165933"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108148033","display_name":"Mohamed Mousa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7290-7726","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7290-7726"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186217134","display_name":"Future University in Egypt","ror":"https://ror.org/03s8c2x09","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186217134"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Mousa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11835, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11835, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186217134"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045514930"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133229071"],"apc_list":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2303},"apc_paid":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2303},"fwci":4.9734,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":76,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96787734,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"11","first_page":"1818","last_page":"1818"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.8446999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.8446999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12277","display_name":"Frequency Control in Power Systems","score":0.14329999685287476,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14444","display_name":"Power Systems and Renewable Energy","score":0.008200000040233135,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2102","display_name":"Energy Engineering and Power Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-frequency-control","display_name":"load frequency control","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microgrids","display_name":"microgrids","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery-energy-storage","display_name":"battery energy storage","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pumped-hydro-storage","display_name":"pumped storage","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-regulation","display_name":"frequency regulation","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-balance","display_name":"power balance","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy-integration","display_name":"renewable energy integration","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-and-solar-generation","display_name":"wind and solar generation","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pi-controller-tuning","display_name":"PI controller tuning","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quasi-newton-methods","display_name":"quasi-Newton methods","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isolated-microgrid","display_name":"isolated microgrid","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-security","display_name":"energy security","score":0.5320000052452087}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776784348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5762595","display_name":"Microgrid","level":3,"score":0.8558371067047119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73916439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718","display_name":"Energy storage","level":3,"score":0.7143060564994812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.6999639272689819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183739832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339353","display_name":"Pumped-storage hydroelectricity","level":4,"score":0.5254454016685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.5177285075187683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.46710458397865295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25915539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220786","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","level":2,"score":0.45624154806137085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121119573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915732","display_name":"Intermittent energy source","level":4,"score":0.433803915977478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.40396472811698914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.38237541913986206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3823123574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3660433888435364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.32817336916923523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544738498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135","display_name":"Distributed generation","level":3,"score":0.3280371427536011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2581878900527954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.12882104516029358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/w14111818","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w14111818","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w14111818","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/11/1818/pdf?version=1654504119","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134216166","display_name":"Water","issn_l":"2073-4441","issn":["2073-4441"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d6b365be805b4e9a95b1a66c9330e6db","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d6b365be805b4e9a95b1a66c9330e6db","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Water, Vol 14, Iss 11, p 1818 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/w14111818","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w14111818","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w14111818","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/11/1818/pdf?version=1654504119","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134216166","display_name":"Water","issn_l":"2073-4441","issn":["2073-4441"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"},{"score":0.7207000255584717,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"},{"score":0.5351999998092651,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4281654875.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4281654875.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1985087748","https://openalex.org/W2036146947","https://openalex.org/W2062294426","https://openalex.org/W2077872635","https://openalex.org/W2129095959","https://openalex.org/W2130940199","https://openalex.org/W2138597693","https://openalex.org/W2142290401","https://openalex.org/W2760864090","https://openalex.org/W2789166145","https://openalex.org/W2792965532","https://openalex.org/W2895783439","https://openalex.org/W2898907538","https://openalex.org/W2899302330","https://openalex.org/W2900200135","https://openalex.org/W2904110447","https://openalex.org/W2907192902","https://openalex.org/W2908684704","https://openalex.org/W2908971142","https://openalex.org/W2911892655","https://openalex.org/W2916965921","https://openalex.org/W2926793424","https://openalex.org/W2950827576","https://openalex.org/W2972439144","https://openalex.org/W2977178169","https://openalex.org/W2996136316","https://openalex.org/W2997674009","https://openalex.org/W3007733036","https://openalex.org/W3008698443","https://openalex.org/W3010313446","https://openalex.org/W3015388814","https://openalex.org/W3024823936","https://openalex.org/W3038400972","https://openalex.org/W3042024346","https://openalex.org/W3080149688","https://openalex.org/W3099334628","https://openalex.org/W3116343941","https://openalex.org/W3120822368","https://openalex.org/W3133533005","https://openalex.org/W3134408425","https://openalex.org/W3148997644","https://openalex.org/W3155244187","https://openalex.org/W3157231049","https://openalex.org/W3160342853","https://openalex.org/W3160723110","https://openalex.org/W3173991112","https://openalex.org/W3183950715","https://openalex.org/W3201813258","https://openalex.org/W3205182714","https://openalex.org/W3207002850","https://openalex.org/W3209561545","https://openalex.org/W4205862217","https://openalex.org/W4206265120","https://openalex.org/W4206440743","https://openalex.org/W4206514801","https://openalex.org/W4210464014","https://openalex.org/W4213113198","https://openalex.org/W4220774459","https://openalex.org/W4246315078","https://openalex.org/W6788299355"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3008698443","https://openalex.org/W3049607973","https://openalex.org/W3215725749","https://openalex.org/W7167486538","https://openalex.org/W3194735803","https://openalex.org/W7167022181","https://openalex.org/W7220016315","https://openalex.org/W2289423746","https://openalex.org/W4365142028","https://openalex.org/W2797105518"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Energy":[0],"security":[1],"is":[2,26],"one":[3],"of":[4,13,23,40,52,95,120,127,149],"the":[5,9,21,49,67,72,90,117,121,125,128,147,150,155,176,180],"main":[6,38],"factors":[7],"in":[8,45,66,79,179],"development":[10],"and":[11,33,77,83,92,105,111,187],"diffusion":[12],"microgrid":[14,98,151],"applications.":[15],"In":[16],"networks":[17],"operating":[18,168],"without":[19],"storage,":[20],"operation":[22],"their":[24],"systems":[25,44,103],"greatly":[27],"affected":[28],"by":[29,100,133,153,174],"sudden":[30],"load":[31],"demand":[32,78],"intermittent":[34,50],"generation":[35,51,76],"fluctuations.":[36],"The":[37,170],"purposes":[39],"using":[41,124,191],"energy":[42,54,60,63,73,81,85,193],"storage":[43,102,162,177],"microgrids":[46],"are":[47,114],"stabilizing":[48],"renewable":[53,80,192],"sources":[55,113],"locally,":[56],"to":[57,145],"ensure":[58],"that":[59,173],"production":[61],"matches":[62],"demands,":[64],"participating":[65],"frequency":[68,91],"regulation":[69],"process,":[70],"maintaining":[71],"balance":[74,94],"between":[75],"microgrids,":[82],"increasing":[84],"reliability.":[86],"This":[87],"study":[88],"investigates":[89],"power":[93,157],"an":[96],"isolated":[97],"system,":[99,152,181],"including":[101,154,175],"(battery":[104],"pump-hydro).":[106],"Realistic":[107],"data":[108],"for":[109,116,163],"wind":[110],"solar":[112],"used":[115],"optimal":[118],"tuning":[119],"proportional-integral":[122],"controller,":[123],"integral":[126],"absolute":[129],"error":[130],"criterion":[131],"multiplied":[132],"time,":[134],"with":[135,160],"a":[136,184],"Quasi-Newton":[137],"method.":[138],"Simulation":[139],"studies":[140],"have":[141],"been":[142],"carried":[143],"out,":[144],"investigate":[146],"performance":[148],"hydroelectric":[156],"plant":[158],"system":[159],"pump":[161],"24":[164],"h,":[165],"under":[166],"various":[167],"conditions.":[169],"results":[171],"reveal":[172],"units":[178],"it":[182],"exhibits":[183],"more":[185],"consistent":[186],"smooth":[188],"dynamic":[189],"performance,":[190],"efficiently.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2022-06-13T00:00:00"}