{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4281487260","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.113987","title":"Public health performance of sanitation technologies in Tamil Nadu, India: Initial perspectives based on E. coli release","display_name":"Public health performance of sanitation technologies in Tamil Nadu, India: Initial perspectives based on E. coli release","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4281487260","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.113987","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35623255","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9227721"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.113987","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.113987","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.113987","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1438463922000700/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83450999","display_name":"International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health","issn_l":"1438-4639","issn":["1438-4639","1618-131X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1438463922000700/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081841349","display_name":"Musa Manga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3317-7318","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3317-7318"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72227227","display_name":"Makerere University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dmz0111","country_code":"UG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"]}],"countries":["UG","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Musa Manga","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4114 McGavran Hall, Campus Box # 7431, NC, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Construction Economics and Management, College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology (CEDAT), Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda. Electronic address: mmanga@email.unc.edu","Department of Construction Economics and Management, College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology (CEDAT), Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda","The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4114 McGavran Hall, Campus Box # 7431, NC, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4114 McGavran Hall, Campus Box # 7431, NC, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Construction Economics and Management, College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology (CEDAT), Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda. Electronic address: mmanga@email.unc.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177","https://openalex.org/I72227227"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Construction Economics and Management, College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology (CEDAT), Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4114 McGavran Hall, Campus Box # 7431, NC, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111786451","display_name":"Pete Kolsky","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pete Kolsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4114 McGavran Hall, Campus Box # 7431, NC, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4114 McGavran Hall, Campus Box # 7431, NC, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015064142","display_name":"Jan Willem Rosenboom","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1303444417","display_name":"Gates Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0456r8d26","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303444417"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan Willem Rosenboom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1303444417"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062775779","display_name":"Sudha Ramalingam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4490-5501","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4490-5501"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174404548","display_name":"PSG Institute of Medical Sciences & Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04c1dx793","country_code":"IN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174404548"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sudha Ramalingam","raw_affiliation_strings":["PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Off, Avinashi Rd, Masakalipalayam, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641004, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Off, Avinashi Rd, Masakalipalayam, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641004, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174404548"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063671596","display_name":"Lavanya Sriramajayam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2670-4773","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2670-4773"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174404548","display_name":"PSG Institute of Medical Sciences & Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04c1dx793","country_code":"IN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174404548"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lavanya Sriramajayam","raw_affiliation_strings":["PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Off, Avinashi Rd, Masakalipalayam, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641004, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Off, Avinashi Rd, Masakalipalayam, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641004, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174404548"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001833569","display_name":"Jamie Bartram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6542-6315","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6542-6315"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jamie Bartram","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4114 McGavran Hall, Campus Box # 7431, NC, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK","School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK","The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4114 McGavran Hall, Campus Box # 7431, NC, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4114 McGavran Hall, Campus Box # 7431, NC, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177","https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4114 McGavran Hall, Campus Box # 7431, NC, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013957478","display_name":"Jill R. Stewart","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3474-5233","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3474-5233"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jill Stewart","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4114 McGavran Hall, Campus Box # 7431, NC, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4114 McGavran Hall, Campus Box # 7431, NC, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081841349"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177","https://openalex.org/I72227227"],"apc_list":{"value":3540,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3540},"apc_paid":{"value":1914,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2064},"fwci":2.3788,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88127267,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"243","issue":null,"first_page":"113987","last_page":"113987"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11331","display_name":"Fecal contamination and water quality","score":0.9589999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11331","display_name":"Fecal contamination and water quality","score":0.9589999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11781","display_name":"Wastewater Treatment and Reuse","score":0.037700001150369644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10596","display_name":"Child Nutrition and Water Access","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sanitation-technology","display_name":"sanitation technology","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/escherichia-coli","display_name":"Escherichia coli","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-health-performance","display_name":"public health performance","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fecal-sludge-management","display_name":"fecal sludge management","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/septic-systems","display_name":"septic systems","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sanitary-sewer-overflows","display_name":"sanitary sewer overflows","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/on-site-sanitation","display_name":"on-site sanitation","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wastewater-effluent","display_name":"wastewater effluent","score":0.5080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/performance-indicators","display_name":"performance indicators","score":0.5149999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tamil-nadu","display_name":"Tamil Nadu","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathogen-inactivation","display_name":"pathogen inactivation","score":0.39500001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-solids","display_name":"total solids","score":0.3959999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sanitation-planning","display_name":"sanitation planning","score":0.32899999618530273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780151969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q949149","display_name":"Sanitation","level":2,"score":0.9629167318344116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140688305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5885","display_name":"Tamil","level":2,"score":0.592771589756012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147455438","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057706","display_name":"Effluent","level":2,"score":0.5883582234382629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127598652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558635","display_name":"Per capita","level":3,"score":0.5099965333938599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94061648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336191","display_name":"Wastewater","level":2,"score":0.45974403619766235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57442070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221275","display_name":"Sewage treatment","level":2,"score":0.4159403443336487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.41140204668045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3974328935146332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.3866451680660248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.3445758819580078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3267155885696411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1788141131401062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.1567455530166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004926","descriptor_name":"Escherichia coli","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004927","descriptor_name":"Escherichia coli Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005243","descriptor_name":"Feces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007194","descriptor_name":"India","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011634","descriptor_name":"Public Health","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012499","descriptor_name":"Sanitation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012722","descriptor_name":"Sewage","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062065","descriptor_name":"Wastewater","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.113987","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.113987","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.113987","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1438463922000700/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83450999","display_name":"International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health","issn_l":"1438-4639","issn":["1438-4639","1618-131X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35623255","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35623255","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of hygiene and environmental health","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9227721","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9227721/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Int J Hyg Environ Health","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:187663","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/187663/1/1-s2.0-S1438463922000700-main.pdf","pdf_url":"https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/187663/1/1-s2.0-S1438463922000700-main.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.113987","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.113987","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.113987","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1438463922000700/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83450999","display_name":"International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health","issn_l":"1438-4639","issn":["1438-4639","1618-131X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":1.0,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9537000060081482,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7570830448","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"OPP1158911","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306137","funder_display_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306137","display_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0456r8d26"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320298","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4281487260.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4281487260.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W26506582","https://openalex.org/W96702157","https://openalex.org/W1506403324","https://openalex.org/W1523618001","https://openalex.org/W1590321984","https://openalex.org/W1967869937","https://openalex.org/W1971438066","https://openalex.org/W1971606002","https://openalex.org/W1996718213","https://openalex.org/W2002808691","https://openalex.org/W2041642581","https://openalex.org/W2074029700","https://openalex.org/W2097155930","https://openalex.org/W2106133786","https://openalex.org/W2146953539","https://openalex.org/W2165828826","https://openalex.org/W2283418403","https://openalex.org/W2312986312","https://openalex.org/W2525107138","https://openalex.org/W2625166782","https://openalex.org/W2767719252","https://openalex.org/W2778450356","https://openalex.org/W2782132261","https://openalex.org/W2793145749","https://openalex.org/W2802458843","https://openalex.org/W2805889111","https://openalex.org/W2809184254","https://openalex.org/W2826999197","https://openalex.org/W2884830313","https://openalex.org/W2944592180","https://openalex.org/W2956504808","https://openalex.org/W2996108815","https://openalex.org/W3000127239","https://openalex.org/W3009605306","https://openalex.org/W3037742735","https://openalex.org/W3087756153","https://openalex.org/W3100905516","https://openalex.org/W3112957164","https://openalex.org/W3126693641","https://openalex.org/W3137648917","https://openalex.org/W3155897430","https://openalex.org/W3163565246","https://openalex.org/W3189225709"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6906601388","https://openalex.org/W6906791244","https://openalex.org/W2081927409","https://openalex.org/W6903689529","https://openalex.org/W3087756153","https://openalex.org/W96702157","https://openalex.org/W7169829402","https://openalex.org/W2955874166","https://openalex.org/W4385489912","https://openalex.org/W3126693641"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sanitation":[0],"is":[1,300,355],"intended":[2],"to":[3,23,249,315,325,406,422],"reduce":[4,417],"the":[5,24,38,55,70,73,88,142,153,172,206,224,296,305,319,334,344,361,388,394,418,423],"spread":[6],"and":[7,30,84,106,115,120,125,135,149,166,194,253,271,284,339,387,396,408],"burden":[8],"of":[9,41,57,60,72,87,147,171,176,192,196,236,304,318,348,360,365,377,390,410,420],"diseases":[10],"transmitted":[11],"from":[12,16,44,128,152,214,223,238,322,367],"excreta.":[13],"Pathogen":[14,221],"reduction":[15],"excreta":[17,378],"before":[18],"sludge":[19,114,151,293],"or":[20],"effluent":[21],"discharge":[22,255],"environment":[25],"would":[26],"seem":[27],"a":[28,109,201,337],"logical":[29],"useful":[31],"performance":[32,58,175,347],"indicator":[33,75,170,359],"for":[34,122,342,379],"sanitation":[35,46,62,91,155,216,227,297,302,350,368,412],"systems.":[36],"However,":[37],"relative":[39],"magnitudes":[40],"pathogen":[42,74,385,391],"release":[43,71,145,163,213,222,392,419],"common":[45],"technologies":[47,63,217,228,266],"are":[48,399],"not":[49],"well":[50],"understood.":[51],"We,":[52],"therefore,":[53],"investigated":[54],"feasibility":[56],"measurement":[59],"different":[61,154,215],"in":[64,68,205,274,281],"Tamil":[65],"Nadu,":[66],"India":[67],"reducing":[69],"Escherichia":[76],"coli":[77,124,162,212,244,260,276],"(E.":[78],"coli).":[79],"After":[80],"conducting":[81],"users'":[82],"surveys":[83],"technical":[85,404],"assessments":[86],"locally":[89],"prevalent":[90],"systems,":[92,131,134,369],"we":[93],"classified":[94],"them":[95],"into":[96,393],"7":[97],"distinct":[98],"categories":[99],"(based":[100],"on":[101],"both":[102,282],"observed":[103,200,306],"physical":[104,111],"characteristic":[105],"usage)":[107],"within":[108],"widely-accepted":[110],"typology.":[112],"Faecal":[113],"wastewater":[116,148],"samples":[117],"were":[118],"collected":[119],"analysed":[121],"E.":[123,161,211,243,259,275],"total":[126],"solids":[127],"136":[129],"household":[130],"24":[132],"community":[133],"23":[136],"sanitary":[137,251],"sewer":[138],"oveflows.":[139],"We":[140,178,199,330],"estimated":[141],"average":[143,207],"volumetric":[144],"rates":[146],"faecal":[150,292],"technologies.":[156,177],"Average":[157],"daily":[158,208],"per":[159,209,245,247,261,263],"capita":[160,210],"was":[164],"computed,":[165],"used":[167],"as":[168,186,231,233,357],"one":[169],"public":[173,327,345,362],"health":[174,328,346,363],"found":[179],"that":[180,290,332,374],"on-site":[181,226,411],"installations":[182],"described":[183],"by":[184,230],"owners":[185],"\"septic":[187],"systems\"":[188],"included":[189],"diverse":[190],"forms":[191],"tanks":[193],"pits":[195],"uncertain":[197],"performance.":[198],"statistically":[202],"significant":[203],"difference":[204],"(p":[218],"=":[219],"0.00001).":[220],"studied":[225],"varied":[229,279],"much":[232],"5":[234],"orders":[235],"magnitude":[237],"\"lined":[239],"pits\"":[240],"(5.4":[241],"Log10":[242,258],"person":[246,262],"day)":[248],"\"overflowing":[250],"sewers\"":[252],"\"direct":[254],"pipes\"":[256],"(10.3-10.5":[257],"day).":[264],"Other":[265],"lay":[267],"between":[268],"these":[269,323],"extremes,":[270],"their":[272],"performances":[273],"removal":[277],"also":[278],"significantly,":[280],"statistical":[283],"practical":[285],"terms.":[286],"Our":[287],"results":[288,371],"suggest":[289,373],"although":[291],"management":[294,317],"along":[295],"service":[298],"chain":[299],"important,":[301],"planners":[303],"systems":[307,324,413],"(and":[308],"probably":[309],"elsewhere)":[310],"should":[311],"direct":[312],"higher":[313],"priority":[314],"proper":[316],"liquid":[320],"effluents":[321],"minimize":[326],"hazards.":[329],"conclude":[331],"(i)":[333],"work":[335],"demonstrates":[336],"new":[338],"promising":[340],"approach":[341],"estimating":[343],"differing":[349],"technologies,":[351],"(ii)":[352],"if":[353],"E.coli":[354],"accepted":[356],"an":[358,380],"hazard":[364],"releases":[366],"our":[370],"strongly":[372],"safe":[375],"containment":[376],"extended":[381],"period":[382],"substantially":[383],"reduces":[384],"numbers":[386],"risk":[389],"environment;":[395],"(iii)":[397],"there":[398],"some":[400],"simple":[401],"but":[402],"little-used":[403],"improvements":[405],"design":[407],"construction":[409],"which":[414],"could":[415],"significantly":[416],"pathogens":[421],"environment.":[424]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2022-05-26T00:00:00"}