{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4281289699","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18174/567630","title":"Dairy cow welfare in spring-calving, pasture-based systems","display_name":"Dairy cow welfare in spring-calving, pasture-based systems","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4281289699","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18174/567630"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18174/567630","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18174/567630","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18174/567630","pdf_url":"https://edepot.wur.nl/567630","source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Wageningen University","raw_type":"dissertation"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://edepot.wur.nl/567630","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020697997","display_name":"Robin E. Crossley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2004-871X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2004-871X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I913481162","display_name":"Wageningen University & Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04qw24q55","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913481162"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robin Crossley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wageningen University & Research","Animal Production Systems"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wageningen University & Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I913481162"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Animal Production Systems","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020697997"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I913481162"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10838","display_name":"Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10838","display_name":"Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12896","display_name":"Sustainable Agricultural Systems Analysis","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1102","display_name":"Agronomy and Crop Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12322","display_name":"Animal health and immunology","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dairy-cattle-welfare","display_name":"dairy cattle welfare","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spring-calving","display_name":"spring calving","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pasture-based-dairy-farming","display_name":"pasture-based dairy systems","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grazing-intensity","display_name":"grazing intensity","score":0.5529999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stocking-rate","display_name":"stocking rate","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pasture-allowance","display_name":"pasture allowance","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-factors","display_name":"risk factors","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tail-injury","display_name":"tail injury","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rhinorrhea","display_name":"rhinorrhea","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/locomotion","display_name":"locomotion","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lameness","display_name":"lameness","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rumen-fill","display_name":"rumen fill","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carryover-effects","display_name":"residual effects","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"benchmark","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/welfare-indicators","display_name":"welfare indicators","score":0.43299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/housing-guidelines","display_name":"housing guidelines","score":0.33000001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rumen-ph","display_name":"rumen pH","score":0.35499998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ruminal-volatile-fatty-acids","display_name":"rumen volatile fatty acids","score":0.5740000009536743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523966790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q459426","display_name":"Animal welfare","level":2,"score":0.764131486415863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100243477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12002092","display_name":"Welfare","level":2,"score":0.7381842136383057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3239189","display_name":"Grazing","level":2,"score":0.6855073571205139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778053677","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30121","display_name":"Pasture","level":2,"score":0.5902135372161865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776977481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2915","display_name":"Dairy cattle","level":2,"score":0.5167943239212036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779771469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428918","display_name":"Lameness","level":2,"score":0.4751158356666565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22641795","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868757","display_name":"Ice calving","level":4,"score":0.46205487847328186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4023895859718323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3400634527206421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140793950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168091","display_name":"Animal science","level":1,"score":0.29240918159484863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2604219913482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.24339401721954346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.2313205897808075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.16099536418914795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776659692","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719426","display_name":"Lactation","level":3,"score":0.11018708348274231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995","display_name":"Pregnancy","level":2,"score":0.07752788066864014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18174/567630","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18174/567630","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18174/567630","pdf_url":"https://edepot.wur.nl/567630","source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Wageningen University","raw_type":"dissertation"},{"id":"pmh:oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/597748","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/dairy-cow-welfare-in-spring-calving-pasture-based-systems","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201231","display_name":"Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling","issn_l":"2663-3027","issn":["2663-3027"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Doctoral thesis"},{"id":"pmh:wur:oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/597748","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/dairy-cow-welfare-in-spring-calving-pasture-based-systems","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralthesis"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18174/567630","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18174/567630","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18174/567630","pdf_url":"https://edepot.wur.nl/567630","source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Wageningen University","raw_type":"dissertation"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.9208999872207642}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320849","display_name":"Teagasc","ror":"https://ror.org/03sx84n71"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329908","display_name":"Dairy Research Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/004c7yx65"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337356","display_name":"Fogarty International Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02xey9a22"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4281289699.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4281289699.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":285,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W449834","https://openalex.org/W56538790","https://openalex.org/W92151192","https://openalex.org/W99759837","https://openalex.org/W150249736","https://openalex.org/W173857150","https://openalex.org/W651609732","https://openalex.org/W1493398887","https://openalex.org/W1497717245","https://openalex.org/W1597063097","https://openalex.org/W1599416518","https://openalex.org/W1763595575","https://openalex.org/W1923506842","https://openalex.org/W1963527318","https://openalex.org/W1967207619","https://openalex.org/W1967522803","https://openalex.org/W1968835080","https://openalex.org/W1970440604","https://openalex.org/W1971683900","https://openalex.org/W1972031932","https://openalex.org/W1972582348","https://openalex.org/W1972589888","https://openalex.org/W1972810706","https://openalex.org/W1973013611","https://openalex.org/W1974248689","https://openalex.org/W1974761478","https://openalex.org/W1975039870","https://openalex.org/W1975211594","https://openalex.org/W1975951439","https://openalex.org/W1976990264","https://openalex.org/W1979830784","https://openalex.org/W1980675975","https://openalex.org/W1980694276","https://openalex.org/W1981657813","https://openalex.org/W1982284673","https://openalex.org/W1983443530","https://openalex.org/W1983891625","https://openalex.org/W1985867299","https://openalex.org/W1986096968","https://openalex.org/W1986190730","https://openalex.org/W1988394775","https://openalex.org/W1988615080","https://openalex.org/W1989566045","https://openalex.org/W1990068593","https://openalex.org/W1990814160","https://openalex.org/W1991518571","https://openalex.org/W1994471241","https://openalex.org/W1995903943","https://openalex.org/W1996654557","https://openalex.org/W2000409219","https://openalex.org/W2002168187","https://openalex.org/W2003805207","https://openalex.org/W2003980101","https://openalex.org/W2006344109","https://openalex.org/W2006545733","https://openalex.org/W2007603035","https://openalex.org/W2008959934","https://openalex.org/W2013670696","https://openalex.org/W2013806895","https://openalex.org/W2018141393","https://openalex.org/W2024055184","https://openalex.org/W2027150181","https://openalex.org/W2034683954","https://openalex.org/W2035710664","https://openalex.org/W2036770022","https://openalex.org/W2037648658","https://openalex.org/W2038226750","https://openalex.org/W2041275869","https://openalex.org/W2041419640","https://openalex.org/W2041601301","https://openalex.org/W2045292641","https://openalex.org/W2046266154","https://openalex.org/W2048815790","https://openalex.org/W2050255702","https://openalex.org/W2050992035","https://openalex.org/W2051253321","https://openalex.org/W2051633245","https://openalex.org/W2052313280","https://openalex.org/W2052789640","https://openalex.org/W2052895331","https://openalex.org/W2053141000","https://openalex.org/W2053261923","https://openalex.org/W2053473138","https://openalex.org/W2054339416","https://openalex.org/W2054565363","https://openalex.org/W2055350374","https://openalex.org/W2055589687","https://openalex.org/W2056020559","https://openalex.org/W2057196387","https://openalex.org/W2058043305","https://openalex.org/W2058697030","https://openalex.org/W2059142027","https://openalex.org/W2060997818","https://openalex.org/W2063100077","https://openalex.org/W2064403302","https://openalex.org/W2065625946","https://openalex.org/W2065974386","https://openalex.org/W2066106445","https://openalex.org/W2067070465","https://openalex.org/W2067189255","https://openalex.org/W2067341857","https://openalex.org/W2068213091","https://openalex.org/W2068500137","https://openalex.org/W2070861247","https://openalex.org/W2071715349","https://openalex.org/W2072195230","https://openalex.org/W2072334842","https://openalex.org/W2073501622","https://openalex.org/W2075795653","https://openalex.org/W2078459710","https://openalex.org/W2078956891","https://openalex.org/W2078972030","https://openalex.org/W2081907981","https://openalex.org/W2082926722","https://openalex.org/W2084680046","https://openalex.org/W2085901669","https://openalex.org/W2086831627","https://openalex.org/W2089637516","https://openalex.org/W2091581957","https://openalex.org/W2092695100","https://openalex.org/W2097981968","https://openalex.org/W2098447215","https://openalex.org/W2100398150","https://openalex.org/W2101112518","https://openalex.org/W2102782856","https://openalex.org/W2103509872","https://openalex.org/W2104209559","https://openalex.org/W2104952454","https://openalex.org/W2109016872","https://openalex.org/W2110456669","https://openalex.org/W2110978450","https://openalex.org/W2112665497","https://openalex.org/W2114673194","https://openalex.org/W2120790460","https://openalex.org/W2123289885","https://openalex.org/W2123374326","https://openalex.org/W2124548997","https://openalex.org/W2125185288","https://openalex.org/W2125715142","https://openalex.org/W2130849064","https://openalex.org/W2134049477","https://openalex.org/W2136556623","https://openalex.org/W2136562185","https://openalex.org/W2138061070","https://openalex.org/W2139602378","https://openalex.org/W2140129224","https://openalex.org/W2141003662","https://openalex.org/W2151826154","https://openalex.org/W2152761909","https://openalex.org/W2153809896","https://openalex.org/W2155654515","https://openalex.org/W2159486945","https://openalex.org/W2160010862","https://openalex.org/W2160779940","https://openalex.org/W2161814895","https://openalex.org/W2162316767","https://openalex.org/W2162841980","https://openalex.org/W2163179260","https://openalex.org/W2163483845","https://openalex.org/W2163663875","https://openalex.org/W2164752658","https://openalex.org/W2164893411","https://openalex.org/W2167127930","https://openalex.org/W2171284171","https://openalex.org/W2187941050","https://openalex.org/W2201435564","https://openalex.org/W2204713650","https://openalex.org/W2227534725","https://openalex.org/W2248663908","https://openalex.org/W2274149759","https://openalex.org/W2297577744","https://openalex.org/W2326902590","https://openalex.org/W2342787858","https://openalex.org/W2346554168","https://openalex.org/W2362101403","https://openalex.org/W2461325950","https://openalex.org/W2474090683","https://openalex.org/W2484364320","https://openalex.org/W2506404595","https://openalex.org/W2509565772","https://openalex.org/W2515936323","https://openalex.org/W2523741684","https://openalex.org/W2532190683","https://openalex.org/W2553831108","https://openalex.org/W2556734588","https://openalex.org/W2568593598","https://openalex.org/W2569226817","https://openalex.org/W2580004808","https://openalex.org/W2582743722","https://openalex.org/W2592079030","https://openalex.org/W2592777807","https://openalex.org/W2598639696","https://openalex.org/W2602419077","https://openalex.org/W2607002304","https://openalex.org/W2610788592","https://openalex.org/W2610910569","https://openalex.org/W2611990720","https://openalex.org/W2613354636","https://openalex.org/W2619485339","https://openalex.org/W2620943122","https://openalex.org/W2624044476","https://openalex.org/W2692895441","https://openalex.org/W2745926421","https://openalex.org/W2749057300","https://openalex.org/W2768919123","https://openalex.org/W2769530781","https://openalex.org/W2772454266","https://openalex.org/W2772968419","https://openalex.org/W2774853896","https://openalex.org/W2780416139","https://openalex.org/W2786358356","https://openalex.org/W2791955170","https://openalex.org/W2791996323","https://openalex.org/W2795841363","https://openalex.org/W2797657067","https://openalex.org/W2799289652","https://openalex.org/W2804675769","https://openalex.org/W2850357057","https://openalex.org/W2888940799","https://openalex.org/W2896159153","https://openalex.org/W2897059757","https://openalex.org/W2912830331","https://openalex.org/W2913980475","https://openalex.org/W2914253981","https://openalex.org/W2914305340","https://openalex.org/W2921676491","https://openalex.org/W2921688170","https://openalex.org/W2934819316","https://openalex.org/W2938618524","https://openalex.org/W2943742141","https://openalex.org/W2944109043","https://openalex.org/W2945061055","https://openalex.org/W2954105664","https://openalex.org/W2958327193","https://openalex.org/W2963267483","https://openalex.org/W2967144018","https://openalex.org/W2980247896","https://openalex.org/W2981491196","https://openalex.org/W2984285437","https://openalex.org/W2988032000","https://openalex.org/W2990015666","https://openalex.org/W3000277775","https://openalex.org/W3001193816","https://openalex.org/W3014098628","https://openalex.org/W3027579608","https://openalex.org/W3037218494","https://openalex.org/W3042062603","https://openalex.org/W3046416041","https://openalex.org/W3047063546","https://openalex.org/W3049276446","https://openalex.org/W3081427792","https://openalex.org/W3083442349","https://openalex.org/W3084417761","https://openalex.org/W3092078112","https://openalex.org/W3094289333","https://openalex.org/W3097906640","https://openalex.org/W3110753659","https://openalex.org/W3118955634","https://openalex.org/W3134793497","https://openalex.org/W3134841932","https://openalex.org/W3136736800","https://openalex.org/W3136965238","https://openalex.org/W3138544279","https://openalex.org/W3139484898","https://openalex.org/W3156212581","https://openalex.org/W3158601394","https://openalex.org/W3162214169","https://openalex.org/W3165022920","https://openalex.org/W3165870449","https://openalex.org/W3175649276","https://openalex.org/W3193494326","https://openalex.org/W3193886772","https://openalex.org/W3208164324","https://openalex.org/W3214921730","https://openalex.org/W3216647239","https://openalex.org/W4214488719","https://openalex.org/W4224315415","https://openalex.org/W4234996684","https://openalex.org/W4249865126","https://openalex.org/W4315567046","https://openalex.org/W4315567181","https://openalex.org/W4399639995","https://openalex.org/W6604422563","https://openalex.org/W6819135026","https://openalex.org/W6903788709"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3136736800","https://openalex.org/W3175649276","https://openalex.org/W4224315415","https://openalex.org/W4295921503","https://openalex.org/W4385231757","https://openalex.org/W2934819316","https://openalex.org/W7027282258","https://openalex.org/W4288057924","https://openalex.org/W821292881","https://openalex.org/W3001193816"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"pasture-based":[1,34,62,452],"dairy":[2,23,41,63,73,324,453,473,508],"production":[3,42],"is":[4,43],"often":[5],"believed":[6],"to":[7,15,22,55,77,86,101,129,157,160,193,227,270,320,344,369,436,468,483,500,504],"provide":[8,222],"cows":[9,352,480],"with":[10,256,304,486],"the":[11,69,79,94,103,114,182,205,216,245,263,271,286,313,348,354,358,371,392,445],"best":[12],"welfare":[13,25,39,58,84,91,119,141,162,241,260,322,335,349,389,398,420,449,510],"due":[14],"its":[16],"apparently":[17],"more":[18,259,495],"natural":[19],"environment,":[20],"challenges":[21],"cow":[24,74,474,509],"are":[26],"present":[27],"within":[28],"this":[29,51,83,362,439],"system":[30],"nonetheless.Even":[31],"in":[32,40,65,191,450,455,461,502],"spring-calving":[33,451],"systems,":[35],"maintaining":[36],"good":[37,507],"animal":[38],"challenged":[44],"by":[45,381],"increased":[46,106,377,487],"intensification.The":[47],"three":[48],"aims":[49],"of":[50,60,72,105,111,168,185,211,281,300,312,323,351,361,373,376,448,472,493],"thesis":[52,440],"were":[53,136,197,237,268,400,417,481],"1)":[54],"conduct":[56],"a":[57,118,223],"assessment":[59,85,120],"spring-calving,":[61],"farms":[64,132,220,454],"Ireland":[66],"and":[67,96,99,126,147,154,166,175,207,221,231,247,315,332,385,394,408,411,428,465,490],"identify":[68,87],"current":[70,446],"state":[71,447],"welfare,":[75],"2)":[76],"use":[78],"data":[80],"collected":[81,137],"through":[82],"risk":[88,234,253,266,294,301,457],"factors":[89,254,267,295,302,458],"for":[90,200,225,239,262,296,329],"during":[92,243,307,353],"both":[93,124,244],"grazing":[95,107,125,246,264,287,378,396,488],"housing":[97,127,248,272,282,308,330,355],"periods,":[98,128],"3)":[100],"investigate":[102],"effects":[104,280,372,416],"intensity":[108],"on":[109,138,388,419,444,497],"indicators":[110,261,336,390,399,424],"welfare.To":[112],"achieve":[113,357],"first":[115],"two":[116],"goals":[117],"was":[121,276,367,442,476],"conducted,":[122],"incorporating":[123],"over":[130],"100":[131],"throughout":[133],"southern":[134],"Ireland.Data":[135],"seven":[139],"animal-based":[140],"indicators:":[142],"locomotion,":[143],"body":[144],"condition,":[145],"ocular":[146,407],"nasal":[148,171,409],"discharge,":[149,172,410],"integument":[150,173,412],"damage,":[151],"tail":[152,169,305],"injury,":[153,170],"avoidance":[155,177],"response":[156],"human":[158],"approach.Opportunities":[159],"improve":[161],"included":[163],"identifying":[164],"causes":[165,314],"prevention":[167,316],"damage":[174],"fearful":[176],"response,":[178],"as":[179,181],"well":[180,485],"continued":[183,470],"reduction":[184],"lameness":[186],"despite":[187],"being":[188],"relatively":[189],"low":[190],"comparison":[192],"other":[194],"systems.Performance":[195],"benchmarks":[196,214],"also":[198,477],"established":[199],"each":[201,240],"indicator":[202,242],"which":[203],"reflect":[204],"top":[206],"bottom":[208],"performing":[209],"20%":[210],"study":[212,311,366],"farms.These":[213],"illustrate":[215],"wide":[217],"variation":[218],"between":[219,326,391],"reference":[224],"farmers":[226],"compare":[228],"their":[229],"performance":[230],"promote":[232,469],"improvement.Separate":[233],"factor":[235],"analyses":[236,290],"performed":[238],"periods.Analyses":[249],"identified":[250,291],"14":[251],"unique":[252,293],"associated":[255,303],"one":[257],"or":[258],"period.Multiple":[265],"related":[269],"period,":[273],"thus,":[274],"it":[275],"concluded":[277,478],"that":[278,479,491],"carry-over":[279],"may":[283,339],"persist":[284],"into":[285],"period.Housing":[288],"period":[289],"35":[292],"welfare.A":[297],"large":[298],"number":[299],"injury":[306],"suggests":[309,337],"further":[310],"methods":[317],"would":[318],"contribute":[319],"improved":[321],"cows.Associations":[325],"recommended":[327],"guidelines":[328,338],"features":[331],"greater":[333],"negative":[334],"benefit":[340],"from":[341,434],"regular":[342],"re-evaluation":[343],"ensure":[345],"facilities":[346],"meet":[347],"needs":[350],"period.To":[356],"final":[359],"goal":[360],"thesis,":[363],"an":[364],"experimental":[365],"conducted":[368],"determine":[370],"differing":[374,382],"levels":[375],"pressure,":[379,489],"characterised":[380],"pasture":[383,498],"allowances":[384],"stocking":[386],"rates,":[387],"early":[393,435],"late":[395,437],"periods.Examined":[397],"locomotion":[401,429],"score,":[402],"hoof":[403],"health,":[404],"rumen":[405,426],"fill,":[406],"damage.Only":[413],"minor":[414],"treatment":[415],"found":[418],"indicators,":[421],"yet":[422],"all":[423],"except":[425],"fill":[427],"score":[430],"demonstrated":[431],"significant":[432],"improvements":[433,501],"grazing.Through":[438],"knowledge":[441],"gained":[443],"Ireland.Identified":[456],"will":[459],"aid":[460],"guiding":[462],"future":[463],"research":[464],"on-farm":[466],"recommendations":[467],"improvement":[471],"welfare.It":[475],"able":[482],"cope":[484],"regardless":[492],"treatment,":[494],"time":[496],"led":[499],"welfare.According":[503],"Irish":[505],"farmers,":[506],"means\u2026":[511]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2022-05-24T00:00:00"}
