{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4280592017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106077","title":"Minimizing the Utilized Area of PV Systems by Generating the Optimal Inter-Row Spacing Factor","display_name":"Minimizing the Utilized Area of PV Systems by Generating the Optimal Inter-Row Spacing Factor","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4280592017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106077"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su14106077","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106077","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106077","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/10/6077/pdf?version=1652779383","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/10/6077/pdf?version=1652779383","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089948175","display_name":"Ayman Al\u2010Quraan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5993-4594","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5993-4594"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I85507684","display_name":"Yarmouk University","ror":"https://ror.org/004mbaj56","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I85507684"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ayman Al-Quraan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Power Engineering Department, Hijjawi Faculty for Engineering Technology, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5993-4594","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Power Engineering Department, Hijjawi Faculty for Engineering Technology, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85507684"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061330715","display_name":"Mohammed Al\u2010Mahmodi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6035-4319","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6035-4319"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114972647","display_name":"University of Jordan","ror":"https://ror.org/05k89ew48","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Al-Mahmodi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical Engineering Department, Renewable Energy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6035-4319","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical Engineering Department, Renewable Energy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054537946","display_name":"Khaled Alzaareer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3894-6200","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3894-6200","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3243-7357"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153921779","display_name":"Philadelphia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mqvn149","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153921779"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaled Alzaareer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of engineering, Philadelphia University, Amman 19392, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of engineering, Philadelphia University, Amman 19392, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153921779"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058425001","display_name":"Claude Ziad El\u2010Bayeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8268-8878","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8268-8878"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claude El-Bayeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Canada Excellent Research Chair Team, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3H 2L9, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8268-8878","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canada Excellent Research Chair Team, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3H 2L9, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067735583","display_name":"Ursula Eicker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6851-250X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6851-250X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ursula Eicker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Canada Excellent Research Chair Team, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3H 2L9, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canada Excellent Research Chair Team, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3H 2L9, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089948175"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85507684"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2094},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2094},"fwci":1.513,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81113868,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"10","first_page":"6077","last_page":"6077"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10468","display_name":"Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques","score":0.8252000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10468","display_name":"Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques","score":0.8252000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11276","display_name":"Solar Radiation and Photovoltaics","score":0.13169999420642853,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12838","display_name":"Photovoltaic Systems and Sustainability","score":0.0215000007301569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-systems","display_name":"photovoltaic systems","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/row-spacing","display_name":"row spacing","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shading-losses","display_name":"shading losses","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use-efficiency","display_name":"land use efficiency","score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-flat-terrain","display_name":"non-flat terrain","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-water-pumping","display_name":"agricultural water pumping","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"renewable energy","score":0.515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saudi-arabia","display_name":"Saudi Arabia","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/yemen","display_name":"Yemen","score":0.9599999785423279}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.6922585368156433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177515723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1191981","display_name":"Shading","level":2,"score":0.6385363936424255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.6366123557090759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.6130571365356445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116615679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795908","display_name":"Maximum power principle","level":3,"score":0.5040944814682007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124584101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053266","display_name":"Multiplier (economics)","level":2,"score":0.491193026304245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4407014846801758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C423512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383973","display_name":"Electricity generation","level":3,"score":0.42386460304260254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39252376556396484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3844403624534607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.28942954540252686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2779068350791931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.18746089935302734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.14297372102737427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.07887357473373413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/su14106077","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106077","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106077","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/10/6077/pdf?version=1652779383","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:10:p:6077-:d:817335","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/10/6077/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ab58458de5f8462a9f30d12a1662f0e7","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ab58458de5f8462a9f30d12a1662f0e7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability, Vol 14, Iss 6077, p 6077 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su14106077","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106077","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106077","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/10/6077/pdf?version=1652779383","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9853000044822693},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5378999710083008}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4280592017.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4280592017.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1538214436","https://openalex.org/W2007653496","https://openalex.org/W2029168148","https://openalex.org/W2141809428","https://openalex.org/W2187060792","https://openalex.org/W2288112956","https://openalex.org/W2331257972","https://openalex.org/W2474018157","https://openalex.org/W2508987526","https://openalex.org/W2766944722","https://openalex.org/W2890512584","https://openalex.org/W2920616761","https://openalex.org/W2931881385","https://openalex.org/W2941821464","https://openalex.org/W2994643897","https://openalex.org/W3003972586","https://openalex.org/W3008071449","https://openalex.org/W3011061984","https://openalex.org/W3022781679","https://openalex.org/W3091562761","https://openalex.org/W3095377897","https://openalex.org/W3095399436","https://openalex.org/W3125957604","https://openalex.org/W3126334978","https://openalex.org/W3149441999","https://openalex.org/W3187089928","https://openalex.org/W3190168694","https://openalex.org/W3211718458","https://openalex.org/W3216789944","https://openalex.org/W4205660287","https://openalex.org/W4206508177","https://openalex.org/W4207040750"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4407361075","https://openalex.org/W4399466497","https://openalex.org/W4301370234","https://openalex.org/W4381742423","https://openalex.org/W2910944375","https://openalex.org/W2117948635","https://openalex.org/W2931881385","https://openalex.org/W4393155039","https://openalex.org/W2588787384","https://openalex.org/W4390189287"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,14,111,241],"mounted":[1],"photovoltaic":[2],"(PV)":[3],"facilities,":[4],"energy":[5,48,70,80,229],"output":[6,71,92],"losses":[7,49],"due":[8],"to":[9,16,38,52,64,94,124,129,152,179],"inter-row":[10,28,104,133,203,247],"shading":[11,54,105,268],"are":[12],"unavoidable.":[13],"order":[15],"limit":[17],"the":[18,68,89,101,131,189,202,210,221,245,256,260,267,282],"shadow":[19],"cast":[20],"by":[21,137],"one":[22,186,219],"module":[23,57],"row":[24,45],"on":[25,106,272],"another,":[26],"sufficient":[27],"space":[29],"must":[30],"be":[31,95,153],"planned.":[32],"However,":[33],"it":[34],"is":[35,76,109,117,146,150,169,187,207,220,250,263,275],"not":[36],"uncommon":[37],"see":[39],"PV":[40,126,270],"plants":[41],"with":[42,175,277],"such":[43,65],"close":[44],"spacing":[46,134,143,204,248,283],"that":[47,266],"occur":[50],"owing":[51],"row-to-row":[53],"effects.":[55],"Low":[56],"prices":[58],"and":[59,119,149,163],"high":[60],"ground":[61],"costs":[62],"lead":[63],"configurations,":[66],"so":[67,265],"maximum":[69],"per":[72,82],"available":[73],"surface":[74],"area":[75,258],"prioritized":[77],"over":[78],"optimum":[79],"production":[81],"peak":[83],"power.":[84],"For":[85],"any":[86,158],"applications":[87],"where":[88],"plant":[90],"power":[91,107],"needs":[93],"calculated,":[96],"an":[97,114],"exact":[98],"analysis":[99],"of":[100,103,191,213,269],"influence":[102],"generation":[108],"required.":[110],"this":[112,242],"paper,":[113],"effective":[115,257],"methodology":[116],"proposed":[118,261],"discussed":[120],"in":[121,188,237],"detail,":[122],"ultimately,":[123],"enable":[125],"system":[127],"designers":[128],"identify":[130],"optimal":[132,246],"between":[135],"arrays":[136,271],"generating":[138],"a":[139,154,181,197,214,232,278],"multiplier":[140,144,205],"factor.":[141],"The":[142,166,184,217],"factor":[145,206,249,284],"mathematically":[147],"formulated":[148],"generated":[151],"general":[155],"formula":[156,262],"for":[157,209,224,252],"geographical":[159],"location":[160],"including":[161],"flat":[162,198],"non-flat":[164,233],"terrains.":[165],"developed":[167],"model":[168],"implemented":[170],"using":[171,227,259,281],"two":[172,176],"case":[173,200,235,243],"studies":[174],"different":[177],"terrains,":[178],"provide":[180],"wider":[182],"context.":[183],"first":[185],"Kingdome":[190],"Saudi":[192],"Arabia":[193],"(KSA)":[194],"provinces,":[195],"giving":[196,231],"terrain":[199,234],"study;":[201],"estimated":[208,251],"direct":[211],"use":[212],"systems":[215],"designer.":[216],"second":[218],"water":[222],"pump":[223],"agricultural":[225],"watering":[226],"renewable":[228],"sources,":[230],"study":[236],"Dhamar,":[238],"Al-Hada,":[239],"Yemen.":[240],"study,":[244],"limited-area":[253],"applications.":[254],"Therefore,":[255],"minimized":[264],"each":[273],"other":[274],"avoided,":[276],"simple":[279],"design":[280],"methodology.":[285]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2022-05-22T00:00:00"}
