{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4255769271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.950181204","title":"Human evolution","display_name":"Human evolution","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4255769271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.950181204","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8976151"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/bies.950181204","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.950181204","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.950181204","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S27819959","display_name":"BioEssays","issn_l":"0265-9247","issn":["0265-9247","1521-1878"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BioEssays","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026510296","display_name":"Bernard A. Wood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0273-7332","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0273-7332"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bernard Wood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Liverpool, UK","Hominid Palaeontology Research Group, Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Liverpool, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hominid Palaeontology Research Group, Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026510296"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"],"apc_list":{"value":5330,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5330},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.7,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96923077,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"12","first_page":"945","last_page":"954"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10421","display_name":"Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10421","display_name":"Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11354","display_name":"Evolution and Paleontology Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1911","display_name":"Paleontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-evolution","display_name":"human evolution","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ardipithecus-ramidus","display_name":"Ardipithecus ramidus","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/australopithecus","display_name":"Australopithecus","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homo-habilis","display_name":"Homo habilis","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homo-rudolfensis","display_name":"Homo rudolfensis","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homo-erectus","display_name":"Homo erectus","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homo-ergaster","display_name":"Homo ergaster","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-origin-of-modern-humans","display_name":"African origin of modern humans","score":0.6320000290870667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777407139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101362","display_name":"Homo erectus","level":3,"score":0.9206314086914062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777938546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5","display_name":"Homo sapiens","level":2,"score":0.841079831123352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776667090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103237","display_name":"Australopithecus","level":2,"score":0.7431015372276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185554395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83944","display_name":"Human evolution","level":2,"score":0.6580812931060791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779987252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q635162","display_name":"Hominidae","level":3,"score":0.5431860685348511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776110070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2455930","display_name":"Fossil Record","level":2,"score":0.5209044814109802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188126409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641973","display_name":"Dentition","level":2,"score":0.5141675472259521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.5082132816314697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781271316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40171","display_name":"Neanderthal","level":2,"score":0.467131644487381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24389824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20764","display_name":"myr","level":4,"score":0.4665958881378174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.45757317543029785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197698901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7206","display_name":"Paleoanthropology","level":2,"score":0.45213407278060913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157369684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34740","display_name":"Genus","level":2,"score":0.4409445822238922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776325015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092469","display_name":"Eutheria","level":5,"score":0.43562692403793335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142876473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7234132","display_name":"Postcrania","level":3,"score":0.4137773811817169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.35929280519485474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3204251527786255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90856448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431","display_name":"Zoology","level":1,"score":0.3047862648963928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988562018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1063","display_name":"Biological evolution","level":2,"score":0.28872358798980713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.20166531205177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53570757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25546","display_name":"Pleistocene","level":2,"score":0.17015919089317322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73707237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102416","display_name":"Cenozoic","level":3,"score":0.13138648867607117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167570900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101313","display_name":"Phanerozoic","level":4,"score":0.10540136694908142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109007969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749565","display_name":"Structural basin","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141231307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7020","display_name":"Genome","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71640776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16521","display_name":"Taxon","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001842","descriptor_name":"Bone and Bones","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005580","descriptor_name":"Fossils","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005843","descriptor_name":"Geography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013995","descriptor_name":"Time","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015186","descriptor_name":"Hominidae","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/bies.950181204","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.950181204","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.950181204","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S27819959","display_name":"BioEssays","issn_l":"0265-9247","issn":["0265-9247","1521-1878"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BioEssays","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:8976151","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8976151","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.6899999976158142}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319993","display_name":"Leverhulme Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/012mzw131"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320006","display_name":"Royal Society","ror":"https://ror.org/03wnrjx87"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/02b5d8509"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W26983169","https://openalex.org/W134126523","https://openalex.org/W569722093","https://openalex.org/W622903023","https://openalex.org/W1587950458","https://openalex.org/W1964603796","https://openalex.org/W1971515635","https://openalex.org/W1972864325","https://openalex.org/W1973371693","https://openalex.org/W1975139050","https://openalex.org/W1976396184","https://openalex.org/W1980704858","https://openalex.org/W1982561159","https://openalex.org/W1987137800","https://openalex.org/W1988317642","https://openalex.org/W1990734224","https://openalex.org/W1993351732","https://openalex.org/W1994736856","https://openalex.org/W1997760482","https://openalex.org/W1997786644","https://openalex.org/W1999230927","https://openalex.org/W2004116172","https://openalex.org/W2004687128","https://openalex.org/W2011915418","https://openalex.org/W2012047165","https://openalex.org/W2013866885","https://openalex.org/W2022668379","https://openalex.org/W2025958368","https://openalex.org/W2027226179","https://openalex.org/W2032375618","https://openalex.org/W2035303748","https://openalex.org/W2035653117","https://openalex.org/W2037298787","https://openalex.org/W2038461960","https://openalex.org/W2038584209","https://openalex.org/W2046267124","https://openalex.org/W2046575349","https://openalex.org/W2049408010","https://openalex.org/W2059854659","https://openalex.org/W2067069262","https://openalex.org/W2072845088","https://openalex.org/W2073859880","https://openalex.org/W2074536022","https://openalex.org/W2076821672","https://openalex.org/W2077727948","https://openalex.org/W2081001420","https://openalex.org/W2088101833","https://openalex.org/W2091073050","https://openalex.org/W2096557357","https://openalex.org/W2115197596","https://openalex.org/W2115688047","https://openalex.org/W2126456782","https://openalex.org/W2144097345","https://openalex.org/W2155503350","https://openalex.org/W2162466905","https://openalex.org/W2270274581","https://openalex.org/W2321473410","https://openalex.org/W2407677348","https://openalex.org/W2478206675","https://openalex.org/W2600581963","https://openalex.org/W2612138024","https://openalex.org/W3195886679","https://openalex.org/W4245360303","https://openalex.org/W4251565011","https://openalex.org/W4300914375","https://openalex.org/W6796099643"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3103065958","https://openalex.org/W2159501223","https://openalex.org/W4200586747","https://openalex.org/W2007877405","https://openalex.org/W4406915820","https://openalex.org/W3210213854","https://openalex.org/W170821250","https://openalex.org/W4313353161","https://openalex.org/W4256707608","https://openalex.org/W106451427"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,71,101],"common":[1],"ancestor":[2],"of":[3,109,155,197],"modern":[4,170],"humans":[5],"and":[6,17,67,81,90,143],"the":[7,22,26,88,125,151,167,180,195,203],"great":[8],"apes":[9],"is":[10,32,114,160],"estimated":[11],"to":[12,104,147,207],"have":[13,211],"lived":[14],"between":[15,163],"5":[16],"8":[18],"Myrs":[19],"ago,":[20],"but":[21],"earliest":[23,152],"evidence":[24,154,193],"in":[25,75,95,124,140,144,158,179,183,214],"human,":[27,171],"or":[28,117,172],"hominid,":[29],"fossil":[30,126,133,181],"record":[31,127,182],"Ardipithecus":[33],"ramidus,":[34],"from":[35,205],"a":[36,56,61,68,106],"4.5":[37],"Myr":[38,149],"Ethiopian":[39],"site.":[40],"This":[41],"genus":[42],"was":[43],"succeeded":[44],"by":[45],"Australopithecus,":[46],"within":[47],"which":[48,122],"four":[49],"species":[50,74,103],"are":[51,84,176],"presently":[52],"recognised.":[53],"All":[54],"combine":[55],"relatively":[57],"primitive":[58,73],"postcranial":[59],"skeleton,":[60],"dentition":[62],"with":[63,91,111,191],"expanded":[64],"chewing":[65],"teeth":[66],"small":[69],"brain.":[70],"most":[72],"our":[76],"own":[77],"genus,":[78],"Homo":[79,82,96,113,115,120,137,173,209],"habilis":[80],"rudolfensis,":[83],"little":[85],"advanced":[86],"over":[87],"australopithecines":[89],"hindsight":[92],"their":[93],"inclusion":[94],"may":[97,210],"not":[98],"be":[99],"appropriate.":[100],"first":[102,178],"share":[105],"substantial":[107],"number":[108],"features":[110],"later":[112],"ergaster,":[116],"'early":[118],"African":[119],"erectus',":[121],"appears":[123],"around":[128,185],"2.0":[129],"Myr.":[130],"Outside":[131],"Africa,":[132],"hominids":[134],"appear":[135],"as":[136],"erectus-like":[138],"hominids,":[139],"mainland":[141],"Asia":[142],"Indonesia":[145],"close":[146],"2":[148],"ago;":[150],"good":[153],"'archaic":[156],"Homo'":[157],"Europe":[159],"dated":[161],"at":[162],"600-700":[164],"Kyr":[165,187],"before":[166],"present.":[168],"Anatomically":[169],"sapiens,":[174],"fossils":[175],"seen":[177],"Africa":[184],"150":[186],"ago.":[188],"Taken":[189],"together":[190],"molecular":[192],"on":[194],"extent":[196],"DNA":[198],"variation,":[199],"this":[200],"suggests":[201],"that":[202],"transition":[204],"'archaic'":[206],"'modern'":[208],"taken":[212],"place":[213],"Africa.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}
