{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4253794065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1996.00440200055007","title":"The Gender Bias in Sleep Apnea Diagnosis","display_name":"The Gender Bias in Sleep Apnea Diagnosis","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-11-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4253794065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1996.00440200055007","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8944737"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1001/archinte.1996.00440200055007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1996.00440200055007","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1996.00440200055007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210206803","display_name":"Archives of Internal Medicine","issn_l":"0003-9926","issn":["0003-9926","0730-188X","1538-3679"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320259","host_organization_name":"American Medical Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320259"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Medical Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Archives of Internal Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108084234","display_name":"Terry B Young","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"T. Young","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108084234"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5664,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":364,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93324102,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"156","issue":"21","first_page":"2445","last_page":"2445"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10234","display_name":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10234","display_name":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10316","display_name":"Sleep and related disorders","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13252","display_name":"Sex and Gender in Healthcare","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep-apnea","display_name":"sleep apnea","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-bias","display_name":"gender bias","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underdiagnosis-in-women","display_name":"underdiagnosis in women","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences","display_name":"sex differences","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep-apnea-symptoms","display_name":"sleep apnea symptoms","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snoring","display_name":"snoring","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-sensitivity","display_name":"diagnostic sensitivity","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wisconsin-sleep-cohort-study","display_name":"Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polysomnography","display_name":"polysomnography","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-guidelines","display_name":"clinical guidelines","score":0.5889999866485596}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983427547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93200","display_name":"Gender bias","level":2,"score":0.6504403352737427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777935920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213600","display_name":"Sleep apnea","level":2,"score":0.6446923017501831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775841894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4683692","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","level":2,"score":0.587748110294342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5370103120803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781326671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754424","display_name":"Apnea","level":2,"score":0.522464394569397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.43812376260757446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3727480173110962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.29565316438674927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.24159038066864014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.08292132616043091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.06746715307235718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003937","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis, Differential","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011237","descriptor_name":"Predictive Value of Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012306","descriptor_name":"Risk","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012720","descriptor_name":"Severity of Illness Index","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012737","descriptor_name":"Sex Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012891","descriptor_name":"Sleep Apnea Syndromes","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012913","descriptor_name":"Snoring","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016017","descriptor_name":"Odds Ratio","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017286","descriptor_name":"Polysomnography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017678","descriptor_name":"Sex Distribution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1001/archinte.1996.00440200055007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1996.00440200055007","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1996.00440200055007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210206803","display_name":"Archives of Internal Medicine","issn_l":"0003-9926","issn":["0003-9926","0730-188X","1538-3679"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320259","host_organization_name":"American Medical Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320259"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Medical Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Archives of Internal Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1001/archinte.156.21.2445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.156.21.2445","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.156.21.2445","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210206803","display_name":"Archives of Internal Medicine","issn_l":"0003-9926","issn":["0003-9926","0730-188X","1538-3679"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320259","host_organization_name":"American Medical Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320259"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Medical Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Archives of Internal Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:8944737","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8944737","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Archives of internal medicine","raw_type":"Comparative Study"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/898038","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://worldcatlibraries.org/registry/gateway?version=1.0&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&atitle=The+Gender+Bias+in+Sleep+Apnea+Diagnosis:+Are+Women+Missed+Because+They+Have+Different+Symptoms?&title=Archives+of+Internal+Medicine+&volume=156&issue=21&spage=2445-2451&date=1996-11&au=Young,+Terry;+Hutton,+Rebecca;+Finn,+Laurel;+Badr,+Safwan;+Palta,+Mari","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"eweb:169507","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.6025999784469604,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.4000000059604645,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2167459486","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HL 42242","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337338","funder_display_name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G477386757","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RR03186","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337375","funder_display_name":"National Center for Research Resources"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337338","display_name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/012pb6c26"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337375","display_name":"National Center for Research Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/04pw6fb54"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W130795321","https://openalex.org/W1929610138","https://openalex.org/W1969944132","https://openalex.org/W1975996541","https://openalex.org/W1982522370","https://openalex.org/W1982790149","https://openalex.org/W1985754592","https://openalex.org/W1989041864","https://openalex.org/W1993156814","https://openalex.org/W1994263114","https://openalex.org/W2001147416","https://openalex.org/W2011269552","https://openalex.org/W2013636050","https://openalex.org/W2015773287","https://openalex.org/W2022354192","https://openalex.org/W2030541781","https://openalex.org/W2045560726","https://openalex.org/W2062315309","https://openalex.org/W2076764853","https://openalex.org/W2090197754","https://openalex.org/W2090619082","https://openalex.org/W2116928555","https://openalex.org/W2162225436","https://openalex.org/W2167661504","https://openalex.org/W2170332928","https://openalex.org/W2330439990","https://openalex.org/W2331499127","https://openalex.org/W2333343699","https://openalex.org/W2333765518","https://openalex.org/W2333904728","https://openalex.org/W2460832291","https://openalex.org/W2916767885"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4292304390","https://openalex.org/W2989115801","https://openalex.org/W4213124335","https://openalex.org/W2885616380","https://openalex.org/W2401222700","https://openalex.org/W4250276425","https://openalex.org/W3196071048","https://openalex.org/W2607324928","https://openalex.org/W2743887609","https://openalex.org/W73081406"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Population-based":[1],"studies":[2],"have":[3,78],"shown":[4],"that":[5,22,177,237],"sleep":[6,25,38,67,76,102,107,133,152,171,189,204,211,231],"apnea":[7,26,77,108,120,153,172,212,232],"is":[8,21],"underdiagnosed":[9],"in":[10,230,244],"women,":[11,91,194,245],"relative":[12,143],"to":[13,71],"men.":[14,223],"One":[15],"hypothesis":[16],"for":[17,32,47,151,210,217,222,226],"this":[18,50],"gender":[19,228],"bias":[20],"women":[23,74,169,218],"with":[24,75,170,184],"are":[27,44,214,221],"missed":[28],"because":[29],"clinical":[30,208],"guidelines":[31],"the":[33,54,63,125,185,197,227,235],"evaluation":[34,213],"and":[35,89,110,117,129,142,160,193,200],"diagnosis":[36,100],"of":[37,62,66,93,101,127,146,166,182,188,203],"apnea,":[39,68],"established":[40],"primarily":[41],"on":[42,105],"men,":[43],"not":[45,174],"valid":[46],"women.":[48],"In":[49],"investigation,":[51],"data":[52],"from":[53,124,180],"Wisconsin":[55],"Sleep":[56,119],"Cohort":[57],"Study,":[58],"a":[59,99],"community-based":[60],"study":[61],"natural":[64],"history":[65],"were":[69,113,158],"used":[70],"determine":[72],"whether":[73],"unique":[79],"symptoms":[80,109,176,243],"or":[81,149],"complaints.":[82],"METHODS:":[83],"The":[84,140],"sample":[85],"comprised":[86],"551":[87],"men":[88,183,192],"388":[90],"none":[92],"whom":[94],"had":[95],"ever":[96],"been":[97],"given":[98],"apnea.":[103,190,205],"Data":[104],"typical":[106,242],"other":[111],"factors":[112],"obtained":[114],"by":[115,136,162],"interview":[116],"survey.":[118],"status":[121],"was":[122,196],"determined":[123],"frequency":[126],"apneic":[128],"hypopneic":[130],"events":[131],"during":[132],"as":[134,215,219],"recorded":[135],"in-laboratory,":[137],"whole-night":[138],"polysomnography.":[139],"sensitivity":[141],"predictive":[144],"power":[145],"each":[147],"symptom":[148],"factor":[150],"at":[154],"different":[155],"severity":[156,167],"levels":[157],"calculated":[159],"compared":[161],"gender.":[163],"RESULTS:":[164],"Regardless":[165],"level,":[168],"did":[173],"report":[175],"differed":[178],"significantly":[179],"those":[181],"same":[186],"level":[187],"For":[191],"snoring":[195],"most":[198],"sensitive":[199],"strongest":[201],"predictor":[202],"CONCLUSIONS:":[206],"Current":[207],"indications":[209],"appropriate":[216],"they":[220],"Other":[224],"reasons":[225],"disparity":[229],"diagnosis,":[233],"including":[234],"possibility":[236],"health":[238],"care":[239],"providers":[240],"disregard":[241],"should":[246],"be":[247],"pursued.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":24}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}
