{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4252834865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.44.12.1145","title":"Clozapine Treatment of Outpatients With Schizophrenia: Outcome and Long-Term Response Patterns","display_name":"Clozapine Treatment of Outpatients With Schizophrenia: Outcome and Long-Term Response Patterns","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4252834865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.44.12.1145"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1176/ps.44.12.1145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.44.12.1145","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.44.12.1145","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171176648","display_name":"Psychiatric Services","issn_l":"0022-1597","issn":["0022-1597","1075-2730","1557-9700"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316602","host_organization_name":"American Psychiatric Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychiatric Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychiatric Services","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110607987","display_name":"Alan F. Breier","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan Breier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Baltimore 21228"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Baltimore 21228","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110293816","display_name":"Robert W. Buchanan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1862-7808","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1862-7808"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert W. Buchanan","raw_affiliation_strings":[""],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032596700","display_name":"Donna Irish","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donna Irish","raw_affiliation_strings":[""],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027215216","display_name":"William T. Carpenter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3141-9838","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3141-9838"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William T. Carpenter","raw_affiliation_strings":[""],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6391,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73259432,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"12","first_page":"1145","last_page":"1149"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10023","display_name":"Schizophrenia research and treatment","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10023","display_name":"Schizophrenia research and treatment","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11071","display_name":"Treatment of Major Depression","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12308","display_name":"Mental Health and Psychiatry","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clozapine","display_name":"clozapine","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schizophrenia","display_name":"schizophrenia","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outpatients","display_name":"outpatients","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-term-treatment-outcomes","display_name":"long-term treatment outcomes","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relapse","display_name":"relapse","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hospitalization","display_name":"hospitalization","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment-response","display_name":"treatment response","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positive-symptoms","display_name":"positive symptoms","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/negative-symptoms","display_name":"negative symptoms","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-life","display_name":"quality of life","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functioning","display_name":"functioning","score":0.5559999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chronic-schizophrenia","display_name":"chronic schizophrenia","score":0.5720000267028809}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780864610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221361","display_name":"Clozapine","level":3,"score":0.9172786474227905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7096341848373413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776412080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431605","display_name":"Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming)","level":2,"score":0.6892271637916565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779951463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268788","display_name":"Quality of life (healthcare)","level":2,"score":0.5582855939865112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4659408628940582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.4642975926399231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.4415375590324402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.34323984384536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1176/ps.44.12.1145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.44.12.1145","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.44.12.1145","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171176648","display_name":"Psychiatric Services","issn_l":"0022-1597","issn":["0022-1597","1075-2730","1557-9700"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316602","host_organization_name":"American Psychiatric Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychiatric Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychiatric Services","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2127248919","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MH40279","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4253069367","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MH45074","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04xeg9z08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2020844317","https://openalex.org/W2062571521","https://openalex.org/W2085360366","https://openalex.org/W2088879645","https://openalex.org/W2089868642","https://openalex.org/W2149639459"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4410907328","https://openalex.org/W108284090","https://openalex.org/W2045472565","https://openalex.org/W2031786430","https://openalex.org/W940697911","https://openalex.org/W2415246766","https://openalex.org/W1999545753","https://openalex.org/W2054133784","https://openalex.org/W2032769473","https://openalex.org/W2065614564"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"purpose":[1],"of":[2,10,23,34,42,80,91,101,125,135,151,164],"the":[3,8,21,74,81,92,97,114,131,143,162],"study":[4],"was":[5],"to":[6,19,27,180],"examine":[7],"effects":[9],"clozapine":[11,55,165,175],"in":[12,113,118,166,184],"treating":[13,167],"moderately":[14],"ill":[15],"schizophrenic":[16,51,171],"outpatients":[17,52],"and":[18,30,38,40,44,65,108,123,137,149],"determine":[20],"length":[22],"medication":[24],"trial":[25,176],"needed":[26],"identify":[28],"responders":[29,93,183],"nonresponders.":[31],"Methods:":[32],"Rates":[33],"clinical":[35,182],"response,":[36],"relapses":[37,107],"hospitalizations,":[39],"levels":[41,124],"symptomatology":[43],"functioning":[45,126],"were":[46,69,94],"assessed":[47],"for":[48,56,86],"30":[49,82],"chronic":[50],"who":[53],"received":[54],"one":[57],"year.":[58,116],"For":[59],"some":[60],"patients,":[61],"data":[62,72],"on":[63],"relapse":[64],"hospitalization":[66],"during":[67,110,130,142],"treatment":[68,111,136],"compared":[70],"with":[71],"from":[73],"year":[75],"before":[76],"treatment.":[77,102],"Results:":[78],"Eighteen":[79],"patients":[83],"met":[84],"criteria":[85],"sustained":[87],"response;":[88],"1":[89],"7":[90],"identified":[95],"within":[96],"first":[98,132],"four":[99],"months":[100,134],"Patients":[103],"experienced":[104],"significantly":[105],"fewer":[106],"hospitalizations":[109],"than":[112],"previous":[115],"Improvement":[117],"positive":[119],"symptoms,":[120],"general":[121],"symptomatology,":[122],"reached":[127],"a":[128],"plateau":[129],"six":[133,145],"remained":[138],"at":[139,156],"that":[140],"level":[141],"second":[144],"months.":[146,158],"Negative":[147],"symptoms":[148],"quality":[150],"life":[152],"showed":[153],"nonsignificant":[154],"improvements":[155],"12":[157],"Conclusions:":[159],"Results":[160],"support":[161],"use":[163],"chronic,":[168],"residually":[169],"symptomatic":[170],"outpatients.":[172],"A":[173],"four-month":[174],"may":[177],"be":[178],"adequate":[179],"detect":[181],"this":[185],"population.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-22T06:50:58.402377","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}