{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4251024031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161536109.99867301/v1","title":"Visible, potential, and functional land degradation assessment in southern Africa","display_name":"Visible, potential, and functional land degradation assessment in southern Africa","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4251024031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161536109.99867301/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.22541/au.161536109.99867301/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161536109.99867301/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161536109.99867301/v1","pdf_url":"https://journal.sketchingscience.org/doi/pdf/10.22541/au.161536109.99867301","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://journal.sketchingscience.org/doi/pdf/10.22541/au.161536109.99867301","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050329142","display_name":"Zidong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8066-2749","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8066-2749"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zidong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Normal University Faculty of Geographical Science"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Normal University Faculty of Geographical Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029536740","display_name":"Shuai Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1595-9858","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1595-9858","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5783-7528"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Normal University Faculty of Geographical Science"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5783-7528","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Normal University Faculty of Geographical Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023823379","display_name":"Dexin Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1934-9689","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1934-9689"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dexin Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Normal University Faculty of Geographical Science"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1934-9689","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Normal University Faculty of Geographical Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053649930","display_name":"Yanxu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3571-1932","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3571-1932","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6983-0756"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanxu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Normal University Faculty of Geographical Science"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Normal University Faculty of Geographical Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087634190","display_name":"Walter Musakwa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2173-0072","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2173-0072"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24027795","display_name":"University of Johannesburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04z6c2n17","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Walter Musakwa","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Johannesburg"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Johannesburg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084426314","display_name":"Fangli Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9090-4753","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9090-4753"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144289","display_name":"Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03rpsvy57","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210144289"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fangli Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210144289"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101522569","display_name":"Yuejun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8480-4863","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8480-4863"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092459","display_name":"Hetao College","ror":"https://ror.org/00hgh4525","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092459"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"YueJun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hetao College"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hetao College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092459"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081365201","display_name":"Darifu Ba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8281-0389","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8281-0389"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092459","display_name":"Hetao College","ror":"https://ror.org/00hgh4525","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092459"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Darifu Ba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hetao College"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hetao College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092459"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9599999785423279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9599999785423279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10889","display_name":"Soil erosion and sediment transport","score":0.010900000110268593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13377","display_name":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","score":0.009100000374019146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-degradation","display_name":"land degradation","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arid-regions","display_name":"arid regions","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ndvi-trends","display_name":"NDVI trends","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-degradation","display_name":"functional degradation","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gimms-ndvi","display_name":"GIMMS NDVI","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aridity","display_name":"aridity","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/southern-africa","display_name":"Southern Africa","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degradation-indicators","display_name":"degradation indicators","score":0.43799999356269836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113052830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3497778","display_name":"Land degradation","level":3,"score":0.8048179149627686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.672065019607544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779679103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5251805","display_name":"Degradation (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.6514226198196411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1549246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718775","display_name":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","level":3,"score":0.6186236143112183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150772632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1330709","display_name":"Arid","level":2,"score":0.5595864057540894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198428699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334780","display_name":"Environmental degradation","level":2,"score":0.5415833592414856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.4756343364715576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.46994736790657043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4656556248664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.46032917499542236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.4299378991127014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3735193610191345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.3621037006378174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.3422563076019287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.23060303926467896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.16705751419067383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.15031859278678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.14459943771362305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.14257940649986267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.22541/au.161536109.99867301/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161536109.99867301/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161536109.99867301/v1","pdf_url":"https://journal.sketchingscience.org/doi/pdf/10.22541/au.161536109.99867301","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.22541/au.161536109.99867301/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161536109.99867301/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161536109.99867301/v1","pdf_url":"https://journal.sketchingscience.org/doi/pdf/10.22541/au.161536109.99867301","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.9599999785423279,"display_name":"Life on land"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.46149998903274536,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4251024031.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4313898103","https://openalex.org/W2076516158","https://openalex.org/W3087303695","https://openalex.org/W7213298151","https://openalex.org/W2065311929","https://openalex.org/W2121763158","https://openalex.org/W2076848864","https://openalex.org/W2112542335","https://openalex.org/W2185327587","https://openalex.org/W3129603489"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Land":[0],"degradation":[1,23,110,118,175,181,184,195,210,229,238],"in":[2,111,126],"drylands":[3],"threatens":[4],"vulnerable":[5],"ecosystems":[6],"and":[7,47,62,75,83,92,99,103,129,169,182,219,233,240],"socioeconomic":[8],"development.":[9],"Currently,":[10],"NDVI":[11,36,81],"derived":[12],"from":[13,136],"remotely":[14],"sensed":[15],"data":[16],"is":[17],"the":[18,132,146,150,163,170,174,189,204,207,225],"main":[19],"tool":[20],"used":[21,30,71],"for":[22,38,43,54],"detection.":[24],"Three":[25],"indicators":[26,125,168,232],"have":[27,60],"usually":[28],"been":[29],"to":[31,52,108,142,227],"detect":[32,109,228],"land":[33],"degradation:":[34],"(1)":[35],"trends":[37],"visible":[39],"degradation,":[40,46],"(2)":[41],"residual":[42],"human-induced":[44],"potential":[45,180],"(3)":[48],"sensitivity":[49],"of":[50,131,145,152,194,201,209,237],"vegetation":[51],"rainfall":[53,89],"functional":[55,183],"degradation.":[56],"However,":[57],"few":[58],"studies":[59],"integrated":[61],"compared":[63],"these":[64,122,167],"three":[65,123],"indicators.":[66],"In":[67],"this":[68],"study,":[69],"we":[70],"Global":[72],"Inventory":[73],"Monitoring":[74],"Modelling":[76],"System":[77],"Version":[78],"(GIMMS":[79],"3.1)":[80],"dataset":[82,90],"Multiple":[84],"Source":[85],"Weighted-Ensemble":[86],"Precipitation":[87],"(MSWEP)":[88],"(1982-2015)":[91],"applied":[93],"linear":[94],"regression,":[95],"Time":[96],"Series":[97],"Segmented":[98],"Residual":[100],"Trend":[101],"(TSS-RESTREND),":[102],"Sequential":[104],"Regression":[105],"(SeRGs)":[106],"methods":[107],"southern":[112],"Africa.":[113],"The":[114],"results":[115,161],"showed":[116],"that":[117],"was":[119,140],"detected":[120],"by":[121,198,214],"respective":[124],"18.7%,":[127],"11.3%,":[128],"7.1%":[130],"study":[133,223],"area.":[134],"Degradation":[135],"any":[137],"one":[138],"type":[139],"found":[141],"occupy":[143],"27.21%":[144],"total":[147],"area,":[148],"whereas":[149],"co-occurrence":[151],"two":[153],"or":[154],"more":[155],"types":[156,239],"only":[157],"occupied":[158],"3.84%.":[159],"These":[160],"indicate":[162],"dominant":[164],"discrepancies":[165],"among":[166,173],"independent":[171],"relationships":[172],"processes.":[176],"Despite":[177],"significantly":[178],"greening,":[179],"were":[185,196,211],"still":[186,212],"observed.":[187],"On":[188,203],"regional":[190],"scale,":[191,206],"spatial":[192],"patterns":[193],"affected":[197],"different":[199],"levels":[200],"aridity.":[202],"national":[205],"proportions":[208],"influenced":[213],"increased":[215],"population,":[216],"inadequate":[217],"policies,":[218],"other":[220],"factors.":[221],"This":[222],"highlights":[224],"need":[226],"with":[230],"multiple":[231],"improves":[234],"our":[235],"understanding":[236],"intensity.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}
