{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4250824312","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190687854.003.0004","title":"The Uruk Phenomenon","display_name":"The Uruk Phenomenon","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4250824312","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190687854.003.0004"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/oso/9780190687854.003.0004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190687854.003.0004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190687854.003.0004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463708","display_name":"Oxford University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4254098876","display_name":"The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East"},"type":"book-chapter","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034491360","display_name":"Gebhard J. Selz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7164-2418","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7164-2418"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gebhard J. Selz","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034491360"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":79.0655,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99973698,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"163","last_page":"244"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12307","display_name":"Ancient Near East History","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology (arts and humanities)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12307","display_name":"Ancient Near East History","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology (arts and humanities)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10087","display_name":"Archaeology and ancient environmental studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3302","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10362","display_name":"Biblical Studies and Interpretation","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uruk-period","display_name":"Uruk period","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uruk","display_name":"Uruk","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-formation","display_name":"state formation","score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urbanization","display_name":"urbanization","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cuneiform","display_name":"cuneiform","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mesopotamian-civilization","display_name":"Mesopotamian civilization","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-networks","display_name":"trade networks","score":0.5360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-growth","display_name":"population growth","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religion-and-politics","display_name":"religion and politics","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/levant","display_name":"Levant","score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anatolia","display_name":"Anatolia","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iran","display_name":"Iran","score":0.7379999756813049}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85064482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11767","display_name":"Mesopotamia","level":2,"score":0.9506781101226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.613277018070221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.5541773438453674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5285636186599731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50335755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483247","display_name":"Phenomenon","level":2,"score":0.5100484490394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.50847327709198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39853841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161078","display_name":"Urbanization","level":2,"score":0.4730367362499237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4356105327606201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.42590275406837463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.37607496976852417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.34601908922195435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.3306339383125305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.20169112086296082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.15328016877174377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.13977158069610596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/oso/9780190687854.003.0004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190687854.003.0004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190687854.003.0004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463708","display_name":"Oxford University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":115,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W45915753","https://openalex.org/W209301666","https://openalex.org/W413725339","https://openalex.org/W451787130","https://openalex.org/W567546417","https://openalex.org/W591475977","https://openalex.org/W592501246","https://openalex.org/W593456802","https://openalex.org/W594281160","https://openalex.org/W609783187","https://openalex.org/W616757271","https://openalex.org/W619415708","https://openalex.org/W621881575","https://openalex.org/W641373326","https://openalex.org/W1525477282","https://openalex.org/W1536226648","https://openalex.org/W1539940166","https://openalex.org/W1551778321","https://openalex.org/W1572158992","https://openalex.org/W1597491499","https://openalex.org/W1860590611","https://openalex.org/W1938883651","https://openalex.org/W1968265095","https://openalex.org/W1974059558","https://openalex.org/W1985003667","https://openalex.org/W1988491038","https://openalex.org/W1992497813","https://openalex.org/W1995177484","https://openalex.org/W2041406769","https://openalex.org/W2043025038","https://openalex.org/W2055064966","https://openalex.org/W2055544449","https://openalex.org/W2061933798","https://openalex.org/W2078599553","https://openalex.org/W2079072170","https://openalex.org/W2084187240","https://openalex.org/W2086710371","https://openalex.org/W2087186037","https://openalex.org/W2100141329","https://openalex.org/W2100218830","https://openalex.org/W2125950001","https://openalex.org/W2164976155","https://openalex.org/W2183730385","https://openalex.org/W2203658970","https://openalex.org/W2248899464","https://openalex.org/W2275103386","https://openalex.org/W2280950793","https://openalex.org/W2281560834","https://openalex.org/W2312636948","https://openalex.org/W2314528045","https://openalex.org/W2319749869","https://openalex.org/W2321492235","https://openalex.org/W2322959674","https://openalex.org/W2322987552","https://openalex.org/W2324159978","https://openalex.org/W2326114231","https://openalex.org/W2327886051","https://openalex.org/W2333473760","https://openalex.org/W2334624785","https://openalex.org/W2335078811","https://openalex.org/W2337006787","https://openalex.org/W2340049006","https://openalex.org/W2344604299","https://openalex.org/W2413934955","https://openalex.org/W2465985736","https://openalex.org/W2478516277","https://openalex.org/W2481084769","https://openalex.org/W2482585853","https://openalex.org/W2485287024","https://openalex.org/W2501825490","https://openalex.org/W2505385318","https://openalex.org/W2507316010","https://openalex.org/W2512489716","https://openalex.org/W2530459099","https://openalex.org/W2530512869","https://openalex.org/W2562171121","https://openalex.org/W2562550945","https://openalex.org/W2564541644","https://openalex.org/W2565485046","https://openalex.org/W2599931266","https://openalex.org/W2602677431","https://openalex.org/W2610615260","https://openalex.org/W2625951289","https://openalex.org/W2726224066","https://openalex.org/W2726383360","https://openalex.org/W2730782383","https://openalex.org/W2786037786","https://openalex.org/W2801813157","https://openalex.org/W2923733662","https://openalex.org/W2945733341","https://openalex.org/W2946089819","https://openalex.org/W2946394455","https://openalex.org/W2964954955","https://openalex.org/W3110966364","https://openalex.org/W3112041742","https://openalex.org/W3112349078","https://openalex.org/W3112754644","https://openalex.org/W3112770044","https://openalex.org/W3112965716","https://openalex.org/W3124605434","https://openalex.org/W3131780030","https://openalex.org/W3133638625","https://openalex.org/W3165757738","https://openalex.org/W3200474593","https://openalex.org/W3212930578","https://openalex.org/W3215096791","https://openalex.org/W4214502414","https://openalex.org/W4231115888","https://openalex.org/W4246121937","https://openalex.org/W4252403965","https://openalex.org/W4254556949","https://openalex.org/W4299835685","https://openalex.org/W4301008166","https://openalex.org/W4302567310","https://openalex.org/W4388032494"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2905245080","https://openalex.org/W624474665","https://openalex.org/W3065099701","https://openalex.org/W2971517687","https://openalex.org/W6992292285","https://openalex.org/W3169068959","https://openalex.org/W4413983706","https://openalex.org/W7025217607","https://openalex.org/W2765994356","https://openalex.org/W2889273993"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,65,197],"city":[2],"of":[3,47,72,88,93,99,119,147,153,158,180,200,208,217],"Uruk":[4,21,73,202,210,219],"in":[5,17,104,229],"southern":[6],"Iraq":[7],"was":[8,204],"the":[9,20,41,54,69,86,110,117,137,145,151,156,162,166,176,183,201,206,209,218,222],"main":[10],"force":[11],"for":[12,40,175,225],"urbanization":[13],"and":[14,44,49,75,84,91,96,107,126,140,170],"state":[15],"formation":[16],"Mesopotamia":[18,48,159],"during":[19],"period":[22,39,57],"(ca.":[23],"3800\u20133300":[24],"bc),":[25],"which":[26],"takes":[27],"its":[28,76],"name":[29],"from":[30],"this":[31,37,100],"\u201cfirst":[32],"city.\u201d":[33],"This":[34],"chapter":[35,111],"discusses":[36],"formative":[38],"social,":[42,94],"political,":[43],"cultural":[45,114,130],"history":[46],"beyond,":[50],"as":[51,53,161],"well":[52],"ensuing":[55],"transitional":[56],"(Uruk":[58],"III/Jemdet":[59],"Nasr":[60],"period;":[61],"ca.":[62],"3300\u20133000":[63],"bc).":[64],"focus":[66],"lies":[67],"on":[68],"key":[70,113],"elements":[71],"culture":[74,203],"spread":[77],"across":[78],"Western":[79],"Asia,":[80],"including":[81],"Syria,":[82],"Anatolia,":[83,139],"Iran;":[85],"invention":[87],"cuneiform":[89],"writing;":[90],"aspects":[92],"religious,":[95],"political":[97,185],"organization":[98],"emergent":[101],"state.":[102],"Contextualized":[103],"climatic,":[105],"demographic,":[106],"geographic":[108],"observations,":[109],"evaluates":[112],"features,":[115],"stressing":[116],"role":[118],"population":[120],"growth":[121],"intertwined":[122,189],"with":[123,155,190],"technological,":[124],"agricultural,":[125],"administrative":[127],"improvements.":[128],"These":[129],"features\u2019":[131],"dissemination":[132],"along":[133],"trade":[134],"routes":[135],"to":[136,144],"Levant,":[138],"Iran":[141],"is":[142],"linked":[143],"establishment":[146],"strongholds":[148],"that":[149],"secured":[150],"exchange":[152],"goods,":[154],"south":[157],"serving":[160],"commercial":[163],"hub.":[164],"While":[165],"available":[167],"sources\u2014both":[168],"textual":[169],"iconographic\u2014provide":[171],"no":[172],"unequivocal":[173],"evidence":[174],"alleged":[177,198],"monocratic":[178],"governance":[179],"Uruk-period":[181],"society,":[182],"identifiable":[184],"structures":[186,228],"were":[187],"strongly":[188],"religious":[191],"functions,":[192],"indicating":[193],"great":[194],"societal":[195],"complexity.":[196],"collapse":[199],"predominantly":[205],"breakdown":[207],"(trade)":[211],"network.":[212],"Culturally,":[213],"however,":[214],"many":[215],"features":[216],"phenomenon":[220],"provided":[221],"founding":[223],"charter":[224],"Mesopotamian":[226],"social":[227],"subsequent":[230],"periods.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":29}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}
