{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4250644476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/011001","title":"Rethinking wedges","display_name":"Rethinking wedges","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4250644476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/011001"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/011001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/011001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/011001","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/011001/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S139338987","display_name":"Environmental Research Letters","issn_l":"1748-9326","issn":["1748-9326"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Research Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/011001/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021527359","display_name":"Steven J. Davis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9338-0844","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9338-0844","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5901-7021"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven J Davis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA\u00a092697, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA\u00a092697, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022604923","display_name":"Long Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8336-4242","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8336-4242"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Long Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA\u00a092697, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA\u00a092697, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052404353","display_name":"Ken Caldeira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4591-643X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4591-643X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ken Caldeira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA\u00a092697, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA\u00a092697, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007707761","display_name":"Martin I. Hoffert","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin I Hoffert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA\u00a092697, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA\u00a092697, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"],"apc_list":{"value":3045,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3045},"apc_paid":{"value":3045,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3045},"fwci":20.4893,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99225545,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"011001","last_page":"011001"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10471","display_name":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","score":0.9746000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10471","display_name":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","score":0.9746000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12639","display_name":"Global Energy and Sustainability Research","score":0.004900000058114529,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12615","display_name":"Climate Change and Geoengineering","score":0.004600000102072954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co2-emission-reduction","display_name":"CO2 emission reduction","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change-mitigation","display_name":"climate change mitigation","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-system-transformation","display_name":"energy system transformation","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change-communication","display_name":"climate change communication","score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change-denial","display_name":"climate change denial","score":0.34599998593330383}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.652726411819458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4791621267795563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65440619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177974","display_name":"Atmosphere (unit)","level":2,"score":0.4434269666671753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.4397616982460022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776505523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785468","display_name":"Plan (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4284038841724396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.42323800921440125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3973143696784973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.35202404856681824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.16445091366767883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11664965748786926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.09665107727050781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/011001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/011001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/011001","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/011001/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S139338987","display_name":"Environmental Research Letters","issn_l":"1748-9326","issn":["1748-9326"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Research Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt08b5t4mx","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/08b5t4mx","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/08b5t4mx","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Research Letters, vol 8, iss 1","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6aeb60d2f0cb469abe2bcdc0f506a810","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6aeb60d2f0cb469abe2bcdc0f506a810","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Research Letters, Vol 8, Iss 1, p 011001 (2013)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/011001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/011001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/011001","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/011001/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S139338987","display_name":"Environmental Research Letters","issn_l":"1748-9326","issn":["1748-9326"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Research Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4250644476.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4250644476.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1583276246","https://openalex.org/W1632274414","https://openalex.org/W1964027529","https://openalex.org/W1965331528","https://openalex.org/W1965632437","https://openalex.org/W1967820238","https://openalex.org/W1968429372","https://openalex.org/W1985148570","https://openalex.org/W1988550741","https://openalex.org/W1988826542","https://openalex.org/W1990733189","https://openalex.org/W1991308688","https://openalex.org/W1993157010","https://openalex.org/W2001911478","https://openalex.org/W2007351213","https://openalex.org/W2009163215","https://openalex.org/W2010877515","https://openalex.org/W2012888360","https://openalex.org/W2019493846","https://openalex.org/W2028258049","https://openalex.org/W2031910613","https://openalex.org/W2051690084","https://openalex.org/W2051877128","https://openalex.org/W2053637894","https://openalex.org/W2054352047","https://openalex.org/W2054653365","https://openalex.org/W2060852319","https://openalex.org/W2079679946","https://openalex.org/W2084609244","https://openalex.org/W2088930328","https://openalex.org/W2098442460","https://openalex.org/W2106176530","https://openalex.org/W2120297298","https://openalex.org/W2121541206","https://openalex.org/W2131665065","https://openalex.org/W2136596893","https://openalex.org/W2144603483","https://openalex.org/W2151328940","https://openalex.org/W2155744341","https://openalex.org/W2163571212","https://openalex.org/W2165044494","https://openalex.org/W2167329956","https://openalex.org/W2171682417","https://openalex.org/W2171984413","https://openalex.org/W2744644409","https://openalex.org/W2795275314","https://openalex.org/W3037339115","https://openalex.org/W3122992687"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W67707056","https://openalex.org/W105514794","https://openalex.org/W3135235255","https://openalex.org/W6889429033","https://openalex.org/W3115021563","https://openalex.org/W2106176530","https://openalex.org/W4240820892","https://openalex.org/W1983446435","https://openalex.org/W7099715827","https://openalex.org/W2042495142"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Stabilizing":[1,541],"CO":[2,18,92,153,281,318,468,546,589,600,618,740,803,1010,1030,1054,1066],"2":[3,19,29,93,154,282,319,469,488,547,590,601,619,741,771,804,1011,1031,1055,1067],"emissions":[4,40,57,218,271,288,425,446,449,548,554,591,620,630,665,692,711,721,742,750,812,873,879,898,941,950,972,985,998,1032,1068],"at":[5,109,148,284,450,594,795,999,1076],"current":[6,451,1001],"levels":[7,452,1078],"for":[8,118,204,309,453,515,752,884],"fifty":[9],"years":[10,60,83,323,455,706,754],"is":[11,614,757,861,986,1019],"not":[12,457,723],"consistent":[13],"with":[14,460],"either":[15],"an":[16,306,466],"atmospheric":[17,280,467,802,1009,1053],"concentration":[20,283,470],"below":[21,28,471],"500":[22,285,472,768],"ppm":[23,286,473,769],"or":[24,727,770],"global":[25,126,484,542,559,610,806,897,917,1058],"temperature":[26,486,808,1061],"increases":[27],"\u00b0C.":[30,772],"Accepting":[31],"these":[32,924],"targets,":[33],"solving":[34],"the":[35,45,67,110,125,156,175,181,238,248,260,268,292,296,311,322,325,356,362,368,391,406,416,418,475,481,492,500,510,516,525,538,595,604,661,677,683,689,708,716,764,782,827,832,852,858,863,866,871,903,916,930,989,1000,1005,1013,1039,1086],"climate":[36,178,241,351,372,513,539,543,662,680,1014],"problem":[37,179,370,393,419,514,540,681],"requires":[38,544],"that":[39,143,171,207,390,435,659],"peak":[41,612],"and":[42,49,121,136,140,163,177,240,272,337,358,382,428,462,512,527,531,564,575,593,652,672,679,695,805,819,946,964,1012,1038,1056,1074],"decline":[43,945],"in":[44,168,180,291,345,366,415,483,625,715,801,809,814,847,976],"next":[46,517,684],"few":[47],"decades,":[48],"ultimately":[50,85],"fall":[51],"to":[52,84,106,133,155,196,213,237,254,278,316,349,388,404,444,487,498,508,549,556,583,603,609,616,666,669,759,762,798,811,943,961,973,983,1085],"near":[53,550,862],"zero.":[54],"Phasing":[55],"out":[56],"over":[58,78,232,567,682],"50":[59,82,233,454,518,705,753],"could":[61,703],"be":[62,107,442,760,959],"achieved":[63],"by":[64,188,503,902,1043,1080],"deploying":[65,532,1026],"on":[66,275,577,835,841,988,1008],"order":[68],"of":[69,73,81,91,98,112,114,124,184,216,259,270,295,313,361,371,379,399,465,479,529,586,588,597,640,645,650,691,710,720,767,831,855,865,868,870,896,907,920,966,991,997,1016,1025,1045,1051,1092],"19":[70],"\u2018wedges\u2019,":[71],"each":[72,599],"which":[74,815,912],"ramps":[75],"up":[76,190],"linearly":[77,210],"a":[79,166,276,342,386,887,935,948,995],"period":[80],"avoid":[86,763],"1":[87,214,226,694],"GtC":[88,975],"y":[89,223],"\u22121":[90,224],"emissions.":[94,320,655],"But":[95,355,572,718],"this":[96,149,185,265,747,775,856,892],"level":[97,709,1002],"mitigation":[99,979],"will":[100,1003],"require":[101,664],"affordable":[102,146],"carbon-free":[103],"energy":[104,127,141,147,534,579],"systems":[105,142],"deployed":[108],"scale":[111,150,526],"tens":[113],"terawatts.":[115],"Any":[116],"hope":[117],"such":[119,953],"fundamental":[120],"disruptive":[122],"transformation":[123],"system":[128],"depends":[129],"upon":[130],"coordinated":[131],"efforts":[132],"innovate,":[134],"plan,":[135],"deploy":[137,247],"new":[138],"transportation":[139],"can":[144,173],"provide":[145],"without":[151],"emitting":[152],"atmosphere.":[157],"1.":[158,1022],"Introduction":[159],"In":[160,321,737,851],"2004,":[161,423],"Pacala":[162,381,461,671],"Socolow":[164,383,673],"published":[165],"study":[167],"Science":[169],"arguing":[170],"\u2018[h]umanity":[172],"solve":[174],"carbon":[176,217,239,511,678],"first":[182,853],"half":[183,294,854],"century":[186],"simply":[187],"scaling":[189],"what":[191,505,1017],"we":[192,496,777,926],"already":[193],"know":[194],"how":[195],"do\u2019":[197],"[1].":[198],"Specifically,":[199],"they":[200,243,657,701],"presented":[201],"15":[202],"options":[203],"\u2018stabilization":[205],"wedges\u2019":[206],"would":[208,266,440,561,663,958,969],"grow":[209],"from":[211,826],"zero":[212,551],"Gt":[215,227],"avoided":[219],"per":[220],"year":[221],"(GtC":[222],";":[225],"=":[228],"10":[229],"12":[230],"kg)":[231],"years.":[234],"The":[235,299,1049,1090],"solution":[236,407],"problem,":[242],"asserted,":[244],"was":[245,327,365,394,403],"\u2018to":[246],"technologies":[249,315],"and/or":[250],"lifestyle":[251],"changes":[252,800],"necessary":[253,443,960],"fill":[255],"all":[256,628],"seven":[257,438,816,967],"wedges":[258,339,439,817,821,957,968,1047,1083],"stabilization":[261,338],"triangle\u2019.":[262],"They":[263],"claimed":[264],"offset":[267],"growth":[269,430,644,649,690,719,895,906],"put":[273],"us":[274,385,582],"trajectory":[277,952],"stabilize":[279,445,563,962,984],"if":[287,707,940],"decreased":[289],"sharply":[290],"second":[293],"21st":[297],"century.":[298],"wedge":[300,363,501],"concept":[301,364,502],"has":[302,330,420,432,722,733,899,913],"proven":[303],"popular":[304],"as":[305,631,633,686,954],"analytical":[307],"tool":[308],"considering":[310],"potential":[312],"different":[314,347],"reduce":[317,970],"since":[324],"paper":[326],"published,":[328],"it":[329,506,732],"been":[331,900],"cited":[332],"more":[333,436,490,885],"than":[334,437,491,886],"400":[335],"times,":[336],"have":[340,426,880,1004],"become":[341],"ubiquitous":[343],"unit":[344],"assessing":[346],"strategies":[348],"mitigate":[350],"change":[352,373],"(e.g.":[353],"[2\u20135]).":[354],"real":[357],"lasting":[359],"potency":[360],"dividing":[367],"daunting":[369],"into":[374],"substantial":[375],"but":[376,994],"tractable":[377],"portions":[378],"mitigation:":[380,641],"gave":[384],"way":[387],"believe":[389,927],"energy-carbon-climate":[392],"manageable.":[395],"An":[396],"unfortunate":[397],"consequence":[398],"their":[400,429],"paper,":[401],"however,":[402],"make":[405],"seem":[408],"easy":[409],"(see,":[410],"e.g.":[411],"[6,":[412],"7]).":[413],"And":[414],"meantime,":[417],"grown.":[421],"Since":[422],"annual":[424,739,878,971],"increased":[427],"rate":[431],"accelerated,":[433],"so":[434],"now":[441],"and\u2014more":[447],"importantly\u2014stabilizing":[448],"does":[456],"appear":[458],"compatible":[459],"Socolow\u2019s":[463],"target":[464],"nor":[474],"international":[476],"community\u2019s":[477],"goal":[478],"limiting":[480],"increase":[482],"mean":[485,807,1059],"\u00b0C":[489],"pre-industrial":[493],"era.":[494],"Here,":[495],"aim":[497],"revitalize":[499],"redefining":[504],"means":[507],"\u2018solve":[509],"years\u2019.":[519],"This":[520],"redefinition":[521],"makes":[522],"clear":[523],"both":[524],"urgency":[528],"innovating":[530],"carbon-emissions-free":[533],"technologies.":[535],"2.":[536],"Solving":[537],"decreasing":[545],"[8\u201311].":[552],"If":[553],"were":[555,712,823,942],"stop":[557],"completely,":[558],"temperatures":[560],"quickly":[562],"decrease":[565],"gradually":[566],"time":[568],"[8,":[569],"12,":[570],"13].":[571],"socioeconomic":[573],"demands":[574],"dependence":[576],"fossil-fuel":[578],"effectively":[580],"commit":[581],"many":[584],"billions":[585],"tons":[587],"[14],":[592],"timescale":[596],"centuries,":[598],"emission":[602],"atmosphere":[605],"contributes":[606],"another":[607],"increment":[608],"warming:":[611],"warming":[613],"proportional":[615],"cumulative":[617],"[15,":[621],"16].":[622],"Cumulative":[623],"emissions,":[624,646,651,963],"turn,":[626],"integrate":[627],"past":[629],"well":[632],"those":[634],"occurring":[635],"during":[636],"three":[637],"distinct":[638],"phases":[639],"(1)":[642],"slowing":[643],"(2)":[647],"stopping":[648,688],"(3)":[653],"reducing":[654],"Although":[656],"noted":[658],"stabilizing":[660],"\u2018eventually":[667],"drop":[668],"zero\u2019,":[670],"nonetheless":[674],"defined":[675],"\u2018solv[ing]":[676],"half-century\u2019":[685],"merely":[687],"(phases":[693],"2).":[696],"Further":[697],"reductions":[698],"(phase":[699,725,730,755],"3),":[700],"said,":[702],"wait":[704],"held":[713],"constant":[714,751],"meantime.":[717],"stopped":[724],"2)":[726,756],"even":[728],"slowed":[729],"1),":[731],"accelerated":[734],"[17,":[735],"18].":[736],"2010,":[738],"crested":[743],"9":[744,1082],"GtC.":[745],"At":[746],"level,":[748],"holding":[749],"unlikely":[758],"sufficient":[761],"benchmark":[765],"targets":[766],"To":[773],"support":[774],"assertion,":[776],"performed":[778],"ensemble":[779],"simulations":[780],"using":[781],"UK":[783],"Met":[784],"Office":[785],"coupled":[786],"climate/carbon":[787],"cycle":[788],"model,":[789],"HadCM3L":[790],"(see":[791],"supplementary":[792],"material":[793],"available":[794],"stacks.iop.org/ERL/8/011001/mmedia":[796],"),":[797],"project":[799],"response":[810,1050,1091],"scenarios":[813,874],"(W7)":[818],"nine":[820],"(W9)":[822],"immediately":[824],"subtracted":[825],"A2":[828,859,882,933,1035,1040,1071,1087],"marker":[829,1036,1072],"scenario":[830,860,1018,1037,1041,1073],"Intergovernmental":[833],"Panel":[834],"Climate":[836],"Change":[837],"(IPCC)\u2019s":[838],"Special":[839],"Report":[840],"Emissions":[842],"Scenarios":[843],"(SRES)":[844],"[19]":[845],"beginning":[846],"2010":[848,1077],"(figure":[849],"1).":[850],"century,":[857],"center":[864],"plume":[867],"variation":[869],"SRES":[872,931,1034,1070],"[20].":[875],"Indeed,":[876],"actual":[877],"exceeded":[881],"projections":[883],"decade":[888],"[21,":[889],"22].":[890],"During":[891],"period,":[893],"strong":[894],"driven":[901],"rapid,":[904],"carbon-intensive":[905],"emerging":[908],"economies":[909],"[23,":[910],"24],":[911],"continued":[914],"despite":[915],"financial":[918],"crisis":[919],"2008\u20139":[921],"[18].":[922],"For":[923],"reasons":[925],"that,":[928],"among":[929],"scenarios,":[932],"represents":[934],"reasonable":[936],"\u2018business-as-usual\u2019":[937],"scenario.":[938],"However,":[939],"suddenly":[944],"follow":[947],"lower":[949],"business-as-usual":[951],"B2,":[955],"fewer":[956],"deployment":[965,1044],"4.5":[974],"2060.":[977],"Thus,":[978],"effort":[980],"(wedges)":[981],"required":[982],"dependent":[987],"choice":[990],"baseline":[992],"scenario,":[993],"half-century":[996],"same":[1006],"effect":[1007],"regardless":[1015],"chosen.":[1020],"Figure":[1021],"Modeled":[1023],"effects":[1024],"wedges.":[1027],"(A)":[1028],"Future":[1029,1065],"under":[1033,1062,1069],"reduced":[1042],"7":[1046],"(W7).":[1048],"(B)":[1052],"(C)":[1057],"surface":[1060],"W7.":[1063],"(D)":[1064],"stabilized":[1075],"(reduced":[1079],"approximately":[1081],"relative":[1084],"scenario)":[1088],"(W9).":[1089],"(":[1093]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}
