{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4249282165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2979/ral.2007.38.1.134","title":"Machado de Assis's African Descent","display_name":"Machado de Assis's African Descent","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4249282165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2979/ral.2007.38.1.134"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2979/ral.2007.38.1.134","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2979/ral.2007.38.1.134","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2979/ral.2007.38.1.134","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S138564541","display_name":"Research in African Literatures","issn_l":"0034-5210","issn":["0034-5210","1527-2044"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319732","host_organization_name":"Indiana University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319732"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Indiana University Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research in African Literatures","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018490797","display_name":"Eduardo de Assis Duarte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8065-7368","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8065-7368"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eduardo de Assis. Duarte","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055352206","display_name":"Thomas William Stovicek","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas. Stovicek","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74697156,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"1","first_page":"134","last_page":"151"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13179","display_name":"Literature, Culture, and Criticism","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13179","display_name":"Literature, Culture, and Criticism","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12109","display_name":"Race, Identity, and Education in Brazil","score":0.002199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12512","display_name":"History of Colonial Brazil","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machado-de-assis","display_name":"Machado de Assis","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-ancestry","display_name":"African ancestry","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slavery","display_name":"slavery","score":0.5690000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interracial-relations","display_name":"interracial relations","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/19th-century-brazil","display_name":"19th-century Brazil","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/whiteness","display_name":"whiteness","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-identity","display_name":"racial identity","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/literary-representation-of-race","display_name":"literary representation of race","score":0.48399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brazilian-literature","display_name":"Brazilian literature","score":0.39399999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mulatto-identity","display_name":"mulatto identity","score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harold-bloom","display_name":"Harold Bloom","score":0.41999998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brazilian-academy-of-letters","display_name":"Brazilian Academy of Letters","score":0.546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/afro-brazilian-literature","display_name":"Afro-Brazilian literature","score":0.43799999356269836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35219183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5146","display_name":"Portuguese","level":2,"score":0.641021728515625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991960288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817393","display_name":"African descent","level":2,"score":0.5523039102554321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56273599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3122841","display_name":"White (mutation)","level":3,"score":0.5408921241760254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.4204785227775574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52119013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50637","display_name":"Art history","level":1,"score":0.401991069316864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.3545542061328888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.33216530084609985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.30390289425849915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53553401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47307","display_name":"Genealogy","level":1,"score":0.18793943524360657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2979/ral.2007.38.1.134","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2979/ral.2007.38.1.134","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2979/ral.2007.38.1.134","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S138564541","display_name":"Research in African Literatures","issn_l":"0034-5210","issn":["0034-5210","1527-2044"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319732","host_organization_name":"Indiana University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319732"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Indiana University Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research in African Literatures","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1353/ral.2007.0003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ral.2007.0003","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ral.2007.0003","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S138564541","display_name":"Research in African Literatures","issn_l":"0034-5210","issn":["0034-5210","1527-2044"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319732","host_organization_name":"Indiana University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319732"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Indiana University Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research in African Literatures","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/209533","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/209533","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W594199306","https://openalex.org/W636901540","https://openalex.org/W1506217405","https://openalex.org/W2058404695","https://openalex.org/W2065979701","https://openalex.org/W2086400738","https://openalex.org/W2799944727","https://openalex.org/W2800147853"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4411636665","https://openalex.org/W2948394632","https://openalex.org/W858835181","https://openalex.org/W2622801480","https://openalex.org/W7002028611","https://openalex.org/W4412928756","https://openalex.org/W4412930497","https://openalex.org/W4405450329","https://openalex.org/W2626521558","https://openalex.org/W7119412120"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machado":[0,26,68,138,210,286,345,359,392,438,581,680],"de":[1,27,69,139,287,346,360,393,404,582],"Assis\u2019s":[2],"African":[3,33,58,378],"Descent":[4],"Eduardo":[5],"De":[6],"Assis":[7,288,347,361,394],"Duarte":[8],"Translated":[9],"by":[10,199,280,340,450,466],"Thomas":[11],"Stovicek":[12],"This":[13],"article,":[14],"the":[15,21,30,38,46,55,73,77,90,118,130,134,141,145,165,244,263,274,296,312,315,323,353,365,381,406,423,461,512,521,525,550,559,563,568,571,587,604,620,630,638],"result":[16],"of":[17,20,23,32,57,72,76,89,137,144,148,154,160,164,182,192,262,265,273,314,322,355,377,408,452,479,490,496,520,524,552,562,570,592,603,610,637,661,679],"a":[18,107,114,171,179,195,211,304,335,409,414,440,480,483,494,509,518,533,555,577,601,652],"rereading":[19],"works":[22,193,574],"Joaquim":[24],"Maria":[25],"Assis,":[28,70,140],"investigates":[29],"manifestations":[31],"ancestry":[34],"expressed":[35],"mainly":[36],"through":[37],"author's":[39],"positioning":[40],"with":[41,60,174,197],"regard":[42],"to":[43,62,84,123,127,168,292,420,459,508,538,576,596,628,649,665],"slavery":[44],"and":[45,133,177,186,189,204,222,283,413,470,515,607,654],"inter-racial":[47],"relations":[48],"present":[49,310],"in":[50,151,270,311,320,352,380,385,397,399,446,476,482],"nineteenth-century":[51],"Brazil.":[52],"To":[53,558],"research":[54],"matter":[56],"descent":[59,379],"respect":[61],"such":[63],"an":[64,97,161,190,259,432,453,506,546,590,597],"outstanding":[65],"individual":[66,598],"as":[67,157,303,505,530,532,554,632,634,648],"one":[71,374],"great":[74],"writers":[75],"Portuguese":[78],"language,":[79],"may":[80],"seem":[81],"rather":[82,125],"peculiar":[83],"some.":[85],"The":[86,220,226],"lusophone":[87],"literatures":[88],"nineteenth":[91],"century":[92],"have":[93,337,615,644],"long":[94],"been":[95,159,278,338],"considered":[96,209],"essentially":[98],"\"white":[99,169],"world\"":[100],"whereby":[101],"revered":[102],"heroes":[103],"are":[104],"constructed":[105,247],"from":[106,326,422,589],"European":[108],"perspective":[109],"nearly":[110,656],"always":[111],"based":[112],"on":[113,194],"Christian":[115],"axiology.":[116],"Moreover,":[117],"Brazil's":[119],"literary":[120,131,227,387,608],"tradition":[121,367],"leads":[122],"Europe":[124],"than":[126,317],"Africa.":[128],"Furthermore,":[129],"profile":[132,228],"social":[135],"configuration":[136],"first":[142,503],"president":[143],"Brazilian":[146,297],"Academy":[147],"Letters,":[149],"remain":[150],"our":[152],"notions":[153],"intellectual":[155],"history":[156,354],"having":[158],"exemplary":[162],"member":[163,519,602],"above":[166],"alluded":[167],"world\":":[170],"scholar":[172],"familiar":[173],"\"universal\"":[175],"literature":[176],"culture,":[178],"polyglot":[180],"translator":[181],"Dante,":[183],"Victor":[184],"Hugo,":[185],"classic":[187],"writers,":[188],"author":[191],"par":[196],"those":[198],"Shakespeare,":[200],"Sterne,":[201],"Flaubert,":[202],"Tolstoy,":[203],"Gogol.":[205],"In":[206],"short,":[207],"some":[208,281],"\"Hellenist\";":[212],"for":[213,449,535,624],"others":[214],"he":[215,306,318,328,445,502,540,548],"was":[216,229,307,319,348,395,429,626],"\"Proustian":[217],"before":[218],"Proust.\"":[219],"Citizen":[221],"His":[223],"Public":[224],"Image":[225],"made":[230],"so":[231,646,681],"Western":[232],"that":[233,268,285,302,321,344,456,651,662,675],"it":[234],"would":[235,373],"end":[236],"up":[237],"leaving":[238],"its":[239],"mark":[240],"not":[241,289,334,474],"only":[242,290,475],"upon":[243,252,464],"public":[245],"image":[246],"throughout":[248,542],"time,":[249],"but":[250,300,486],"even":[251,487],"physical":[253],"appearance,":[254],"which":[255,327,444,539,623],"became":[256,517,600],"transformed":[257],"into":[258,295,619],"emblematic":[260],"effigy":[261],"process":[264],"identity":[266],"whitening":[267],"occurred":[269],"lands":[271],"south":[272],"equator.":[275],"It":[276],"has":[277],"established":[279],"biographers":[282],"scholars":[284],"sought":[291],"integrate":[293],"himself":[294],"white":[298,415],"upper-class,":[299],"also":[301,672],"citizen":[305,564],"much":[308],"more":[309,488],"territory":[313],"elites":[316,609],"lower":[324],"class,":[325],"had":[329,418,439],"come.":[330],"For":[331],"this":[332],"reason,":[333],"few":[336,642],"surprised":[339],"Harold":[341],"Bloom's":[342],"assertion":[343],"\"greatest":[349],"black":[350],"writer":[351,572],"universal":[356],"literature.\"":[357],"If":[358],"is":[362,390],"indeed":[363],"what":[364],"\"canonical\"":[366],"identifies":[368],"him":[369,458,465],"as,":[370],"then":[371],"where":[372],"find":[375],"traces":[376],"man,":[382],"let":[383],"alone":[384],"his":[386,467,477,491,500,543,611],"works?":[388],"As":[389,545],"known,":[391],"born":[396],"1839,":[398],"Morro":[400],"do":[401],"Livramento,":[402],"Rio":[403],"Janeiro,":[405],"son":[407],"mulatto":[410],"working-class":[411],"father":[412],"mother":[416],"who":[417,428,599],"emigrated":[419],"Brazil":[421],"Azores.":[424],"A":[425,641],"poor":[426],"child,":[427],"orphaned":[430],"at":[431,511],"[End":[433],"Page":[434],"134]":[435],"early":[436],"age,":[437],"limited":[441],"formal":[442],"education,":[443],"part":[447],"compensated":[448],"means":[451],"autodidactic":[454],"effort":[455],"helped":[457],"overcome":[460],"restrictions":[462],"imposed":[463],"ethnic,":[468],"social,":[469,631],"economic":[471],"origins,":[472],"visible":[473],"condition":[478],"\"freeman":[481],"slave":[484],"society\"":[485],"because":[489],"swarthy":[492],"skin,":[493],"sign":[495],"mixed-race":[497],"heritage.":[498],"During":[499],"childhood":[501],"worked":[504],"apprentice":[507],"typographer":[510],"National":[513],"Press":[514],"eventually":[516],"editorial":[522],"staff":[523],"Di\u00e1rio":[526],"Oficial":[527],"(Official":[528],"Daily)":[529],"well":[531,633],"columnist":[534],"various":[536],"periodicals,":[537],"contributed":[541],"life.":[544],"adult":[547],"climbed":[549],"ladder":[551],"success":[553,569],"governmental":[556],"bureaucrat.":[557],"upward":[560],"trajectory":[561],"can":[565],"be":[566],"added":[567],"whose":[573],"appealed":[575],"sophisticated,":[578],"upper-class":[579,659],"readership.":[580],"Assis's":[583],"biography":[584],"thus":[585],"reveals":[586],"ascension":[588],"Afro-descendant":[591],"modest":[593],"socio-economic":[594],"origins":[595],"journalistic,":[605],"governmental,":[606],"time.":[612],"Some":[613],"populists":[614],"disparaged":[616],"Machado's":[617,668],"entry":[618],"upper":[621],"bourgeoisie,":[622],"them":[625],"equivalent":[627],"assuming":[629],"literary,":[635],"practices":[636],"dominant":[639],"group.":[640],"critics":[643],"gone":[645],"far":[647],"assert":[650],"beard":[653],"moustache,":[655],"mandatory":[657],"among":[658],"men":[660],"period,":[663],"served":[664],"help":[666],"mask":[667],"Negroid":[669],"features.":[670],"There":[671],"exist":[673],"allegations":[674],"photographers":[676],"retouched":[677],"shots":[678],"as...":[682]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}