{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4248960859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.10020","title":"Benchmarking training and development practices: a multi\u2010country comparative analysis","display_name":"Benchmarking training and development practices: a multi\u2010country comparative analysis","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4248960859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.10020"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/hrm.10020","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.10020","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.10020","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134094273","display_name":"Human Resource Management","issn_l":"0090-4848","issn":["0090-4848","1099-050X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1","ft50","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Resource Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091885525","display_name":"Ellen A. Drost","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9616-0591","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9616-0591"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181401687","display_name":"American University","ror":"https://ror.org/052w4zt36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181401687"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ellen A. Drost","raw_affiliation_strings":["American University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"American University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181401687"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058257015","display_name":"Colette A. Frayne","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149919469","display_name":"California Polytechnic State University","ror":"https://ror.org/001gpfp45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149919469"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Colette A. Frayne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Strategy and Law Area, California Polytechnic University, San Luis Obispo"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Strategy and Law Area, California Polytechnic University, San Luis Obispo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149919469"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085018852","display_name":"Kevin B. Lowe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0929-7018","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0929-7018"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169335092","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Greensboro","ror":"https://ror.org/04fnxsj42","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169335092"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin B. Lowe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Business Administration, University of North Carolina\u2014Greensboro","The Leadership Quarterly"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Business Administration, University of North Carolina\u2014Greensboro","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169335092"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Leadership Quarterly","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090572777","display_name":"J. Michael Geringer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6237-7709","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6237-7709"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149919469","display_name":"California Polytechnic State University","ror":"https://ror.org/001gpfp45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149919469"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Michael Geringer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Strategy and Law Area, California Polytechnic University, San Luis Obispo"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Strategy and Law Area, California Polytechnic University, San Luis Obispo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149919469"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4150},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9447,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91313949,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"1","first_page":"67","last_page":"86"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11994","display_name":"Human Resource Development and Performance Evaluation","score":0.9688000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11994","display_name":"Human Resource Development and Performance Evaluation","score":0.9688000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14031","display_name":"Global and Cross-Cultural Management","score":0.03009999915957451,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12843","display_name":"Human Resource and Talent Management","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"benchmarking","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-national-comparison","display_name":"cross-national comparison","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-values","display_name":"cultural values","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industry-trends","display_name":"industry trends","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-resource-development","display_name":"human resource development","score":0.5989999771118164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.9184249639511108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184356942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830382","display_name":"Best practice","level":2,"score":0.6988238096237183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.6951202154159546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5799009203910828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777132934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q348960","display_name":"Training and development","level":2,"score":0.5742017030715942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.40224626660346985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3940374553203583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148383697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781695","display_name":"Regional science","level":1,"score":0.35160213708877563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.34672659635543823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.33059340715408325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.27382975816726685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.23173511028289795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.19031089544296265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.14961060881614685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.11872142553329468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/hrm.10020","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.10020","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.10020","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134094273","display_name":"Human Resource Management","issn_l":"0090-4848","issn":["0090-4848","1099-050X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1","ft50","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Resource Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W53120891","https://openalex.org/W273231727","https://openalex.org/W592888799","https://openalex.org/W1532937907","https://openalex.org/W1600842891","https://openalex.org/W1730594082","https://openalex.org/W1955214435","https://openalex.org/W1971847486","https://openalex.org/W1987912964","https://openalex.org/W1991952040","https://openalex.org/W2003888798","https://openalex.org/W2007599946","https://openalex.org/W2011178514","https://openalex.org/W2025169019","https://openalex.org/W2032676143","https://openalex.org/W2034974265","https://openalex.org/W2039958286","https://openalex.org/W2072178660","https://openalex.org/W2083827068","https://openalex.org/W2098766253","https://openalex.org/W2117942482","https://openalex.org/W2121655889","https://openalex.org/W2121848940","https://openalex.org/W2132912892","https://openalex.org/W2141579028","https://openalex.org/W2168026416","https://openalex.org/W2169962981","https://openalex.org/W2261138327","https://openalex.org/W2321773037","https://openalex.org/W2564651631","https://openalex.org/W2765976060","https://openalex.org/W2766148367","https://openalex.org/W2766210216","https://openalex.org/W2766480998","https://openalex.org/W3022976145","https://openalex.org/W3122125999","https://openalex.org/W4253841460","https://openalex.org/W4299724660","https://openalex.org/W4301725681","https://openalex.org/W4302807276","https://openalex.org/W4388148531","https://openalex.org/W4391210050","https://openalex.org/W6602119619"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2993121964","https://openalex.org/W1969045168","https://openalex.org/W1977059413","https://openalex.org/W2057413225","https://openalex.org/W1993990467","https://openalex.org/W2276791531","https://openalex.org/W2781985683","https://openalex.org/W2019028727","https://openalex.org/W3097955154","https://openalex.org/W638548984"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"study":[2,44,119],"compares":[3],"training":[4,22,34,49,69,132],"and":[5,9,13,16,23,35,40,47,50,59,65,70,74,115,125,133,138],"development":[6,24,36,51,71,134],"practices":[7,72,85,96,102,135],"within":[8,73,97,104],"across":[10,75,86,136],"nine":[11],"countries":[12,39,88,137],"one":[14],"region,":[15],"addresses":[17],"whether":[18],"there":[19],"are":[20,55,107],"universal":[21,84],"practices.":[25,52],"After":[26],"a":[27],"brief":[28],"review":[29],"of":[30,63,68,123],"the":[31,38,43,78,121],"literature":[32],"on":[33],"for":[37],"region":[41],"examined,":[42],"identifies":[45],"country\u2010specific":[46],"region\u2010specific":[48],"The":[53,100,118],"results":[54,79],"descriptive":[56],"in":[57,95,130],"nature":[58],"discussed":[60],"as":[61],"benchmarks":[62],"current":[64],"desired":[66],"levels":[67],"countries.":[76],"While":[77],"do":[80,91],"not":[81],"indicate":[82,92],"any":[83],"all":[87],"studied,":[89],"they":[90],"significant":[93],"similarities":[94],"country":[98],"clusters.":[99],"common":[101],"found":[103],"these":[105],"clusters":[106],"believed":[108],"to":[109],"be":[110],"influenced":[111],"by":[112],"cultural":[113],"values":[114],"industry":[116],"trends.":[117],"emphasizes":[120],"importance":[122],"context":[124],"provides":[126],"practitioners":[127],"with":[128,140],"guidelines":[129],"designing":[131],"researchers":[139],"insight":[141],"into":[142],"future":[143],"research":[144],"questions.":[145],"\u00a9":[146],"2002":[147],"Wiley":[148],"Periodicals,":[149],"Inc.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}