{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4247070796","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//1076-898x.6.4.336","title":"Illusory correlations in graphological inference.","display_name":"Illusory correlations in graphological inference.","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4247070796","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//1076-898x.6.4.336","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11218342"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037//1076-898x.6.4.336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//1076-898x.6.4.336","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//1076-898x.6.4.336","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79587319","display_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied","issn_l":"1076-898X","issn":["1076-898X","1939-2192"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1066988","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035095694","display_name":"Roy N. King","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roy N. King","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012330684","display_name":"Derek J. Koehler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3596-7882","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3596-7882"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Derek J. Koehler","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.533,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80382962,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"4","first_page":"336","last_page":"348"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12848","display_name":"Psychological Testing and Assessment","score":0.2856000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12848","display_name":"Psychological Testing and Assessment","score":0.2856000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12268","display_name":"Deception detection and forensic psychology","score":0.10360000282526016,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11040","display_name":"Personality Traits and Psychology","score":0.07639999687671661,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/illusory-correlation","display_name":"illusory correlation","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting-analysis","display_name":"handwriting analysis","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personality-assessment","display_name":"personality assessment","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personality-judgment","display_name":"personality judgment","score":0.3089999854564667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6348373889923096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.42597877979278564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3989242911338806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3804572522640228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3541406989097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.35300856828689575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.29236698150634766}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006236","descriptor_name":"Handwriting","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007088","descriptor_name":"Illusions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010552","descriptor_name":"Personality Assessment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011237","descriptor_name":"Predictive Value of Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037//1076-898x.6.4.336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//1076-898x.6.4.336","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//1076-898x.6.4.336","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79587319","display_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied","issn_l":"1076-898X","issn":["1076-898X","1939-2192"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1037/1076-898x.6.4.336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-898x.6.4.336","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-898x.6.4.336","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79587319","display_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied","issn_l":"1076-898X","issn":["1076-898X","1939-2192"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11218342","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11218342","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of experimental psychology. Applied","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.135.8305","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.135.8305","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.arts.uwaterloo.ca/~dkoehler/reprints/graphology.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:1066988","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1066988","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:1066988","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1066988","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W113009113","https://openalex.org/W158727920","https://openalex.org/W569806063","https://openalex.org/W1546928544","https://openalex.org/W1586884531","https://openalex.org/W1600270298","https://openalex.org/W1675163538","https://openalex.org/W1965699760","https://openalex.org/W1971322883","https://openalex.org/W1972320590","https://openalex.org/W1977077044","https://openalex.org/W1977411573","https://openalex.org/W1980054641","https://openalex.org/W1986776260","https://openalex.org/W1988661689","https://openalex.org/W1989692183","https://openalex.org/W1997047362","https://openalex.org/W1998193015","https://openalex.org/W2012201890","https://openalex.org/W2018507693","https://openalex.org/W2028211630","https://openalex.org/W2041491681","https://openalex.org/W2045492028","https://openalex.org/W2065870886","https://openalex.org/W2074565708","https://openalex.org/W2074756814","https://openalex.org/W2075585362","https://openalex.org/W2075847222","https://openalex.org/W2076901469","https://openalex.org/W2078652719","https://openalex.org/W2094266848","https://openalex.org/W2102591903","https://openalex.org/W2109047492","https://openalex.org/W2136977162","https://openalex.org/W2139134240","https://openalex.org/W2151888996","https://openalex.org/W2155761979","https://openalex.org/W2169338129","https://openalex.org/W2605625513","https://openalex.org/W2796836103","https://openalex.org/W2798451475","https://openalex.org/W2948593776","https://openalex.org/W3018703468","https://openalex.org/W3033561427","https://openalex.org/W4210641568","https://openalex.org/W4254129346","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4298408820"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1518330472","https://openalex.org/W2322366171","https://openalex.org/W1679233236","https://openalex.org/W2778082350","https://openalex.org/W7098737932","https://openalex.org/W3080142331","https://openalex.org/W2034339683","https://openalex.org/W2074756814","https://openalex.org/W2000466443","https://openalex.org/W2011014124"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"authors":[1],"investigate":[2],"the":[3,12,71,102],"illusory":[4],"correlation":[5,72],"phenomenon":[6],"as":[7],"a":[8,57],"possible":[9],"contributor":[10],"to":[11,17,94],"persistence":[13],"of":[14,70,104,116],"graphology's":[15],"use":[16,115],"predict":[18],"personality.":[19],"Participants":[20],"unfamiliar":[21],"with":[22,28,62,78],"graphology":[23,117],"inspected":[24],"handwriting":[25,35,96],"samples":[26,36],"paired":[27],"fabricated":[29],"personality":[30,38,99],"profiles.":[31],"In":[32,43,65],"Experiment":[33,44],"1,":[34],"and":[37,98],"profiles":[39],"were":[40,50],"randomly":[41],"paired.":[42],"2,":[45],"discernible":[46],"correlations":[47],"near":[48],"unity":[49],"set":[51],"between":[52,73,91],"targeted":[53],"handwriting-feature-personality-trait":[54,75],"pairs":[55,76],"in":[56,106],"congruent":[58],"or":[59],"incongruent":[60],"direction":[61],"graphologists'":[63,79],"claims.":[64],"both":[66],"experiments,":[67],"participants'":[68],"judgments":[69],"designated":[74],"agreed":[77],"claims,":[80],"even":[81],"after":[82],"controlling":[83],"for":[84,113],"their":[85],"actual":[86],"statistical":[87],"association.":[88],"Semantic":[89],"association":[90],"words":[92],"used":[93],"describe":[95],"features":[97],"traits":[100],"was":[101],"source":[103],"biases":[105],"perceived":[107],"correlation.":[108],"Results":[109],"may":[110],"partially":[111],"account":[112],"continued":[114],"despite":[118],"overwhelming":[119],"evidence":[120],"against":[121],"its":[122],"predictive":[123],"validity.":[124]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}