{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4244822528","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118445112.stat07620","title":"Litter Effect","display_name":"Litter Effect","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4244822528","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118445112.stat07620"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/9781118445112.stat07620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118445112.stat07620","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118445112.stat07620","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306534814","display_name":"Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online","raw_type":"other"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4288077072","display_name":"Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online"},"type":"other","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003353872","display_name":"Lawrence L. Kupper","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5941-0085","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5941-0085"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lawrence L. Kupper","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Carolina, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Carolina, NC, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003353872"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12281","display_name":"Animal testing and alternatives","score":0.4724000096321106,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3404","display_name":"Small Animals"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/34","display_name":"Veterinary"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12281","display_name":"Animal testing and alternatives","score":0.4724000096321106,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3404","display_name":"Small Animals"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/34","display_name":"Veterinary"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12229","display_name":"Pharmacological Effects and Toxicity Studies","score":0.19920000433921814,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":0.15379999577999115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/litter-effects","display_name":"litter effects","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developmental-toxicology","display_name":"developmental toxicology","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pregnancy-outcomes","display_name":"pregnancy outcomes","score":0.531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fetal-organogenesis","display_name":"fetal organogenesis","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-inference","display_name":"statistical inference","score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-exposure","display_name":"environmental exposure","score":0.4560000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/congenital-malformations","display_name":"congenital malformations","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developmental-abnormalities","display_name":"developmental abnormalities","score":0.39100000262260437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779429622","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780867","display_name":"Litter","level":2,"score":0.6805440187454224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179335377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5266825","display_name":"Developmental toxicity","level":4,"score":0.5903640985488892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995","display_name":"Pregnancy","level":2,"score":0.5618229508399963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65290608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631521","display_name":"Teratology","level":4,"score":0.5612727999687195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.5585489869117737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518429986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q964401","display_name":"Fertility","level":3,"score":0.5438005924224854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.4863501191139221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33070731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7218","display_name":"Toxicology","level":1,"score":0.48121312260627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.45582282543182373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197934379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2047938","display_name":"Adverse effect","level":2,"score":0.4331153631210327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987857752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12147","display_name":"Human health","level":2,"score":0.43211299180984497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42407357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521","display_name":"Physiology","level":1,"score":0.4247344732284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.41994738578796387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3708108067512512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46973012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28627","display_name":"Gestation","level":3,"score":0.24796980619430542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.17945724725723267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.16831955313682556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.1401400864124298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.1332876980304718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/9781118445112.stat07620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118445112.stat07620","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118445112.stat07620","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306534814","display_name":"Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online","raw_type":"other"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6240000128746033,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971032247","https://openalex.org/W1978136073","https://openalex.org/W1986866172","https://openalex.org/W1987331207","https://openalex.org/W2000942157","https://openalex.org/W2036145205","https://openalex.org/W2046422884","https://openalex.org/W2070688896","https://openalex.org/W2317756138","https://openalex.org/W2322775683","https://openalex.org/W2325646691","https://openalex.org/W2513881572","https://openalex.org/W2529593327","https://openalex.org/W4322382706"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6946252250","https://openalex.org/W7101036728","https://openalex.org/W2017847391","https://openalex.org/W4407131296","https://openalex.org/W2406585017","https://openalex.org/W2030109333","https://openalex.org/W7154628377","https://openalex.org/W108077181","https://openalex.org/W184086076","https://openalex.org/W1604651397"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"It":[1,138],"has":[2],"long":[3],"been":[4],"recognized":[5],"that":[6,142,191],"humans":[7,81],"exposed":[8,122],"to":[9,105,123,163,169,179,202],"certain":[10],"drugs,":[11],"chemicals,":[12],"and":[13,42,47,69,88,135,188],"other":[14],"environmental":[15,51],"hazards":[16],"may":[17],"be":[18,180],"at":[19],"increased":[20,34],"risk":[21],"of":[22,131,146],"various":[23],"health":[24,30,38],"problems.":[25],"Exposure\u2010related,":[26],"adverse,":[27],"heritable,":[28],"human":[29,55],"outcomes":[31],"currently":[32],"receiving":[33],"attention":[35],"by":[36],"public":[37],"professionals":[39],"are":[40,102,121],"fertility":[41],"pregnancy":[43],"complications,":[44],"birth":[45],"defects,":[46],"developmental":[48,107,115,185],"abnormalities.":[49],"Well\u2010conducted":[50],"epidemiology":[52],"studies":[53,152],"on":[54,80,100,114],"populations":[56],"would":[57],"provide":[58,106],"the":[59,92,129,154,158,166],"most":[60],"relevant":[61],"data":[62,79,147,189],"for":[63,160,196],"quantifying":[64],"relationships":[65],"between":[66],"exposure":[67],"levels":[68],"adverse":[70],"pregnancy\u2010":[71],"related":[72],"outcomes.":[73],"However,":[74],"useful":[75],"information":[76],"from":[77,148,173],"observational":[78],"is":[82,139,153],"often":[83],"limited":[84],"in":[85,165,182],"both":[86],"quantity":[87],"quality.":[89],"So,":[90],"despite":[91],"obvious":[93],"species\u2010to\u2010species":[94],"extrapolation":[95],"problem,":[96],"controlled":[97],"laboratory":[98],"experiments":[99],"rodents":[101,120],"commonly":[103],"conducted":[104],"toxicology":[108,116,186],"data.":[109],"This":[110],"article":[111],"focuses":[112],"specifically":[113],"studies,":[117,187],"where":[118],"pregnant":[119],"a":[124],"suspected":[125],"harmful":[126],"agent":[127],"during":[128],"period":[130],"major":[132],"fetal":[133],"organogenesis":[134],"structural":[136],"development.":[137],"well":[140],"known":[141],"an":[143],"inherent":[144],"characteristic":[145],"such":[149],"rodent":[150],"teratology":[151],"so\u2010calledlitter":[155],"effect,":[156],"i.e.":[157],"tendency":[159],"littermates":[161],"all":[162,184],"respond":[164],"same":[167],"way":[168],"stimuli,":[170],"unlike":[171],"animals":[172],"different":[174],"litters.":[175],"Litter":[176],"effects":[177,199],"seem":[178],"present":[181],"almost":[183],"analyses":[190],"do":[192],"not":[193],"appropriately":[194],"account":[195],"these":[197],"litter":[198],"can":[200],"lead":[201],"erroneous":[203],"statistical":[204],"inferences.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-10T09:11:00.788812","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}
