{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4244777020","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108887977.002","title":"Introduction","display_name":"Introduction","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4244777020","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108887977.002"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/9781108887977.002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108887977.002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108887977.002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306462995","display_name":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Less-Lethal Weapons under International Law","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4253224716","display_name":"Less-Lethal Weapons under International Law"},"type":"book-chapter","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023729809","display_name":"Elisabeth Hoffberger-Pippan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4729-1656","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4729-1656"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121883995","display_name":"Johannes Kepler University of Linz","ror":"https://ror.org/052r2xn60","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121883995"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Elisabeth Hoffberger-Pippan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johannes Kepler Universit\u00e4t Linz"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johannes Kepler Universit\u00e4t Linz","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121883995"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023729809"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121883995"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10749","display_name":"International Law and Human Rights","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10749","display_name":"International Law and Human Rights","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13001","display_name":"Restraint-Related Deaths","score":0.002899999963119626,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.0019000000320374966,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-lethal-weapons","display_name":"non-lethal weapons","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-law","display_name":"international law","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-rights","display_name":"human rights","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tear-gas","display_name":"tear gas","score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rubber-bullets","display_name":"rubber bullets","score":0.699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-cannon","display_name":"water cannon","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taser","display_name":"tasers","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-nations-high-commissioner-for-human-rights","display_name":"UN High Commissioner for Human Rights","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/policing","display_name":"policing","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protest","display_name":"protest","score":0.48399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/use-of-force","display_name":"use of force","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-gaps","display_name":"legislative gaps","score":0.6169999837875366}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.6084425449371338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5890327095985413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194110935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12802","display_name":"Nuclear weapon","level":2,"score":0.49665242433547974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.47619950771331787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779872411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1774161","display_name":"International community","level":3,"score":0.4608971178531647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.44564616680145264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.412243127822876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.13402032852172852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.09358417987823486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/9781108887977.002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108887977.002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108887977.002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306462995","display_name":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Less-Lethal Weapons under International Law","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4253224716","https://openalex.org/W3043248957","https://openalex.org/W4234337373","https://openalex.org/W4281741392","https://openalex.org/W4255241080","https://openalex.org/W4248122372","https://openalex.org/W2974620458","https://openalex.org/W7039313186","https://openalex.org/W4205445411","https://openalex.org/W2171784629"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hitherto":[0],"international":[1,121,201],"law":[2,122],"has":[3,73,114],"almost":[4,74],"exclusively":[5],"concerned":[6],"itself":[7],"with":[8,61,102],"lethal":[9,220],"and":[10,16,46,67,96,105],"highly":[11,48],"destructive":[12],"weapons.":[13,129],"Rockets,":[14],"missiles,":[15],"bombs":[17],"are":[18],"just":[19],"a":[20,78],"few":[21,88],"of":[22,26,31,83,109,119,127,131,166,182],"many":[23],"other":[24],"examples":[25],"technology":[27],"leaving":[28],"behind":[29],"trails":[30],"unfathomable":[32],"destruction.":[33],"So":[34],"far,":[35],"less-lethal":[36,62,128,167],"weapons,":[37],"such":[38],"as":[39],"tear":[40,112],"gas,":[41,113],"rubber":[42],"bullets,":[43],"water":[44],"cannons,":[45],"the":[47,55,70,86,106,117,125,132,139,148,174,187,200,208],"contested":[49],"Taser":[50],"have":[51,59,191,217],"literally":[52],"slipped":[53],"under":[54],"radar.":[56],"Indeed,":[57],"authors":[58],"dealt":[60],"weapons":[63,168,183],"primarily":[64,218],"between":[65],"2000":[66],"2009":[68],"but":[69,205],"legal":[71,164,213],"discussion":[72,118],"entirely":[75],"grinded":[76],"to":[77,94,124,161,185],"halt.":[79],"The":[80],"frequent":[81],"occurrence":[82],"protests":[84],"over":[85],"past":[87],"years":[89],"reaching":[90],"from":[91],"Hong":[92],"Kong":[93],"Paris":[95],"Venezuela,":[97],"which":[98],"were":[99],"often":[100],"defeated":[101],"brute":[103],"violence":[104],"excessive":[107],"use":[108,126],"inter":[110],"alia":[111],"again":[115],"sparked":[116],"how":[120],"responds":[123],"Aware":[130],"fact":[133,209],"that":[134,190,199,210],"more":[135],"action":[136],"was":[137],"needed,":[138],"United":[140],"Nations":[141],"High":[142],"Commissioner":[143],"for":[144],"Human":[145],"Rights":[146],"issued":[147],"\u201cGuidance":[149],"on":[150],"Less-Lethal":[151],"Weapons":[152],"in":[153,157,159,169],"Law":[154],"Enforcement\u201d":[155],"1":[156],"2019":[158],"order":[160],"better":[162],"address":[163],"aspects":[165],"policing":[170],"scenarios.":[171],"It":[172],"is":[173,203],"first":[175],"UN":[176],"document":[177],"solely":[178],"addressing":[179],"this":[180],"category":[181],"aiming":[184],"fill":[186],"regulatory":[188],"gaps":[189],"existed":[192],"thus":[193],"far.":[194],"This":[195],"development":[196],"clearly":[197],"shows":[198],"community":[202],"anything":[204],"ignorant":[206],"toward":[207],"so":[211],"far":[212],"(human":[214],"rights)":[215],"documents":[216],"addressed":[219],"technology.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-10T09:11:00.788812","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}