{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4242817895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200505001-01829","title":"Sodium Balance And Sweat Loss During The Hawaii IRONMAN Triathlon","display_name":"Sodium Balance And Sweat Loss During The Hawaii IRONMAN Triathlon","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4242817895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200505001-01829"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1249/00005768-200505001-01829","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200505001-01829","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200505001-01829","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S14544163","display_name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","issn_l":"0195-9131","issn":["0195-9131","1530-0315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medicine &amp; Science in Sports &amp; Exercise","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089801940","display_name":"Matthew D. Pahnke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4660-2918","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4660-2918"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew D. Pahnke","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035467273","display_name":"Joel Douglas Trinity","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8271-6536","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8271-6536"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joel D. Trinity","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110027186","display_name":"Jeffrey J. Zachwieja","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157067","display_name":"Gatorade Sports Science Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0559h9k50","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157067"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey J. Zachwieja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Barrington, IL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Barrington, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075145010","display_name":"John R. Stofan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157067","display_name":"Gatorade Sports Science Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0559h9k50","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157067"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John R. Stofan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Barrington, IL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Barrington, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025341090","display_name":"Douglas W. B. Hiller","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800257863","display_name":"Whakatane Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/0486aq354","country_code":"NZ","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800257863"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801035235","display_name":"Southern New Hampshire Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02pkvbe21","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107672454","https://openalex.org/I2801035235","https://openalex.org/I4390039337"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801044608","display_name":"North Kansas City Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00r59hk87","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801044608"]}],"countries":["NZ","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Douglas Hiller","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Hawaii Community Hospital, Waimea, HI"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Hawaii Community Hospital, Waimea, HI","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800257863","https://openalex.org/I2801035235","https://openalex.org/I2801044608"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034844182","display_name":"Edward F. Coyle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4329-8287","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4329-8287"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edward F. Coyle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sponsor: Edward F. Coyle, FACSM)","The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sponsor: Edward F. Coyle, FACSM)","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.46927791,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"Supplement","first_page":"S347","last_page":"S348"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11109","display_name":"Thermoregulation and physiological responses","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11109","display_name":"Thermoregulation and physiological responses","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10157","display_name":"Sports Performance and Training","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11209","display_name":"Cardiovascular and exercise physiology","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2707","display_name":"Complementary and alternative medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sweat-sodium","display_name":"sweat sodium","score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sweat-rate","display_name":"sweat rate","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/serum-sodium","display_name":"serum sodium","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ironman-triathlon","display_name":"Ironman triathlon","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sweat-loss","display_name":"sweat loss","score":0.5260000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weight-change","display_name":"weight change","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-acclimatization","display_name":"heat acclimatization","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences","display_name":"sex differences","score":0.4490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrolyte-homeostasis","display_name":"electrolyte balance","score":0.4350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/triathletes","display_name":"triathletes","score":0.4950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nutritional-intake","display_name":"nutritional intake","score":0.4320000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/body-mass-index","display_name":"body mass index","score":0.3700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skinfold-thickness","display_name":"skinfold thickness","score":0.6150000095367432}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63398376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7395168","display_name":"SWEAT","level":2,"score":0.8535780310630798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140793950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168091","display_name":"Animal science","level":1,"score":0.5468045473098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C537181965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q658","display_name":"Sodium","level":2,"score":0.5001192092895508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777953023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1073121","display_name":"Heart rate","level":3,"score":0.45260798931121826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89838059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623738","display_name":"Coefficient of variation","level":2,"score":0.43118417263031006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.40685415267944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.39044976234436035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.376889169216156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.34649422764778137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84393581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82642","display_name":"Blood pressure","level":2,"score":0.1624262034893036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.12802276015281677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1249/00005768-200505001-01829","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200505001-01829","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200505001-01829","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S14544163","display_name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","issn_l":"0195-9131","issn":["0195-9131","1530-0315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medicine &amp; Science in Sports &amp; Exercise","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8048999905586243,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2033198711","https://openalex.org/W2008502676","https://openalex.org/W2007500321","https://openalex.org/W7071428777","https://openalex.org/W1993679161","https://openalex.org/W2021653719","https://openalex.org/W2087286885","https://openalex.org/W2116303745","https://openalex.org/W4387053416","https://openalex.org/W2061356540"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PURPOSE":[0],"To":[1],"determine":[2],"the":[3,28,36,92,116,129,209,236,303,315],"variability":[4,162],"in":[5,18,23,27,67,81,86,108,128,163,211,251,266,294],"sweating":[6,130,167],"rate":[7,168,221,237,276],"and":[8,13,43,95,111,123,139,142,147,165,190,192,225,242,281,310],"sweat":[9,37,218],"sodium":[10,20,308],"concentration":[11,21],"(sweat-Na)":[12],"its":[14],"relationship":[15,274],"to":[16,91,101,249,302],"changes":[17,250,259],"serum":[19],"(serum-Na)":[22],"ultra-endurance":[24,298],"triathletes":[25],"competing":[26],"2003":[29],"Ironman":[30],"Triathlon":[31],"World":[32],"Championship.":[33],"METHODS":[34],"During":[35],"analysis":[38,131],"trial,":[39],"seventy-one":[40],"heat-acclimatized":[41],"males":[42,287],"females":[44],"(22\u201374y)":[45],"exercised":[46],"on":[47,136],"a":[48,158,272],"stationary":[49],"bicycle":[50],"at":[51],"70\u201375%":[52],"of":[53,161,172,222,238,277,305],"HRmax":[54],"for":[55],"30":[56,117],"minutes":[57],"following":[58],"an":[59,82,297],"8":[60],"minute":[61],"warm-up.":[62],"All":[63],"trials":[64],"took":[65],"place":[66],"warm":[68],"conditions":[69],"(26.4":[70],"\u00b10.2\u00b0CWBGT,":[71],"28.5":[72],"\u00b1":[73,78,178,201],"0.2\u00b0C":[74],"dry":[75],"bulb,":[76],"66.0":[77],"0.0%":[79],"RH)":[80],"outdoor":[83],"field":[84],"laboratory":[85],"Kailua-Kona,":[87],"HI,":[88],"3\u20137d":[89],"prior":[90,100],"race.":[93],"Serum-Na":[94],"skin-fold":[96],"thickness":[97],"were":[98,113,133,145,246,261,300],"measured":[99,114,146],"exercise.":[102],"Sweating":[103],"rate,":[104,219],"determined":[105],"via":[106],"change":[107,228,245],"body":[109,143,226,243,257],"mass,":[110],"sweat-Na":[112,184,194,223,240,279,306],"during":[115,296],"min":[118],"exercise":[119],"bout.":[120],"Forty-six":[121],"male":[122],"female":[124],"subjects":[125,156],"who":[126],"participated":[127],"trial":[132],"also":[134,152],"studied":[135],"race-day.":[137],"Pre-":[138],"post-race":[140],"serum-Na":[141,213,252,267,295],"mass":[144,227,244,258],"race":[148],"nutritional":[149],"intake":[150,283],"was":[151,214],"recorded.":[153],"RESULTS":[154],"The":[155],"exhibited":[157],"large":[159],"amount":[160],"absolute":[164,191,278],"relative":[166,193,217,220,239],"(1.39\u00b10.05":[169],"L/hr,":[170],"coefficient":[171],"variation":[173],"(CV)":[174],"=":[175,182,188,198,205],"30.8%;":[176],"19.4":[177],"0.7":[179],"ml/kg/hr,":[180],"CV":[181,187,197,204],"28.5%),":[183],"(43.4\u00b12.1":[185],"mEq/L,":[186],"40.0%),":[189],"loss(61.6\u00b14.1":[195],"mEq/hr,":[196],"56.0;":[199],"0.87":[200],"0.06":[202],"mEq/kg/hr,":[203],"54.2%).":[206],"In":[207,255],"males,":[208],"decline":[210],"race-day":[212],"correlated":[215],"with":[216,264],"loss,":[224,307],"(r=\u22120.413,":[229],"p<0.05;":[230,232],"r=\u22120.457,":[231],"r=\u22120.549,":[233],"p<0.01).":[234],"Together,":[235],"loss":[241,280],"highly":[247,262],"related":[248,301],"(r=0.686,":[253],"p<0.05).":[254,269],"females,":[256],"alone":[260],"associated":[263],"declines":[265],"(r=0.614,":[268],"Females":[270],"had":[271],"significant":[273],"between":[275],"Na":[282],"(r=0.637,":[284],"p<0.05),":[285],"while":[286],"did":[288],"not":[289],"(r=0.280,":[290],"p=0.466).":[291],"CONCLUSIONS":[292],"Changes":[293],"triathlon":[299],"interactions":[304],"ingestion,":[309],"fluid":[311],"balance.":[312],"Supported":[313],"by":[314],"Gatorade":[316],"Sports":[317],"Science":[318],"Institute.":[319]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-27T08:07:27.782135","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}