{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4242646446","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/b7gys","title":"Risk of schizophrenia, schizoaffective, and bipolar disorders by migrant status, region of origin, and age-at-migration: A national cohort study of 1.8 million people","display_name":"Risk of schizophrenia, schizoaffective, and bipolar disorders by migrant status, region of origin, and age-at-migration: A national cohort study of 1.8 million people","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-06-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4242646446","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/b7gys"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/b7gys","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/b7gys","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/b7gys","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/b7gys","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003637653","display_name":"Jennifer L. Dykxhoorn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6391-8626","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6391-8626"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jen Dykxhoorn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Psychiatry, UCL, London, UK;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Psychiatry, UCL, London, UK;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083735811","display_name":"Anna\u2010Clara Hollander","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1246-5804","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1246-5804"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28166907","display_name":"Karolinska Institutet","ror":"https://ror.org/056d84691","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna-Clara Hollander","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden and"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055543220","display_name":"Glyn Lewis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5205-8245","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5205-8245"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Glyn Lewis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Psychiatry, UCL, London, UK;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Psychiatry, UCL, London, UK;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075975180","display_name":"Cecilia Magnusson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8567-6725","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8567-6725"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801939835","display_name":"Region Stockholm","ror":"https://ror.org/02zrae794","country_code":"SE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801939835"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28166907","display_name":"Karolinska Institutet","ror":"https://ror.org/056d84691","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cecilia Magnusson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden","Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden and"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801939835"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072336887","display_name":"Christina Dalman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3579-2357","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3579-2357"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801939835","display_name":"Region Stockholm","ror":"https://ror.org/02zrae794","country_code":"SE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801939835"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28166907","display_name":"Karolinska Institutet","ror":"https://ror.org/056d84691","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christina Dalman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden","Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden and"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801939835"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034728745","display_name":"James Bowes Kirkbride","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3401-0824","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3401-0824"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Bowes Kirkbride","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Psychiatry, UCL, London, UK;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3401-0824","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Psychiatry, UCL, London, UK;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003637653"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10762","display_name":"Migration, Health and Trauma","score":0.8026999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10762","display_name":"Migration, Health and Trauma","score":0.8026999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10023","display_name":"Schizophrenia research and treatment","score":0.16930000483989716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10272","display_name":"Mental Health Treatment and Access","score":0.006300000008195639,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schizophrenia","display_name":"schizophrenia","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schizoaffective-disorder","display_name":"schizoaffective disorder","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bipolar-disorder","display_name":"bipolar disorder","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mania","display_name":"mania","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychosis","display_name":"psychosis","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/migrant-status","display_name":"migrant status","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immigrant-children","display_name":"immigrant children","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-at-migration","display_name":"age at migration","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/region-of-origin","display_name":"region of origin","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-immigrants","display_name":"African immigrants","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immigrant-mental-health","display_name":"immigrant mental health","score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mood-disorders","display_name":"mood disorders","score":0.47600001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-affective-psychosis","display_name":"non-affective psychosis","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sweden","display_name":"Sweden","score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/birth-cohort","display_name":"birth cohort","score":0.38199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emigration","display_name":"emigration","score":0.34200000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychosis-risk-factors","display_name":"psychosis risk factors","score":0.36899998784065247}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776174506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131755","display_name":"Bipolar disorder","level":3,"score":0.700046181678772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207103383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3930246","display_name":"Hazard ratio","level":3,"score":0.6943111419677734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776412080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431605","display_name":"Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming)","level":2,"score":0.6514869332313538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780325297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q834047","display_name":"Schizoaffective disorder","level":3,"score":0.5864025950431824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.5441994071006775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5400247573852539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.5167657136917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50382708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223218","display_name":"Proportional hazards model","level":2,"score":0.5069847106933594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779727114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170082","display_name":"Psychosis","level":2,"score":0.47039708495140076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201903717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788","display_name":"Cohort study","level":2,"score":0.4533076882362366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.40809130668640137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3324272036552429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.2528952360153198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.15199029445648193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780733359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331769","display_name":"Mood","level":2,"score":0.05697035789489746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/b7gys","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/b7gys","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/b7gys","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:0121f19f-b402-4f7f-901c-954c2d092497","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://osf.io/b7gys","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:46177-BE0-435","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.31234/OSF.IO/B7GYS","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/b7gys","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/b7gys","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/b7gys","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.98580002784729,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W202283429","https://openalex.org/W1127059495","https://openalex.org/W1854887788","https://openalex.org/W1966020199","https://openalex.org/W1973201512","https://openalex.org/W1973545833","https://openalex.org/W1974435463","https://openalex.org/W1982982829","https://openalex.org/W1997695932","https://openalex.org/W2007861303","https://openalex.org/W2014279310","https://openalex.org/W2016844800","https://openalex.org/W2024134846","https://openalex.org/W2032142550","https://openalex.org/W2035037996","https://openalex.org/W2039672508","https://openalex.org/W2042850046","https://openalex.org/W2044957289","https://openalex.org/W2045890924","https://openalex.org/W2098616779","https://openalex.org/W2100040139","https://openalex.org/W2109205901","https://openalex.org/W2109346401","https://openalex.org/W2113786842","https://openalex.org/W2113955924","https://openalex.org/W2115734663","https://openalex.org/W2127115776","https://openalex.org/W2134096793","https://openalex.org/W2135783018","https://openalex.org/W2155851745","https://openalex.org/W2158640677","https://openalex.org/W2160007561","https://openalex.org/W2160672629","https://openalex.org/W2160695817","https://openalex.org/W2162176680","https://openalex.org/W2163414567","https://openalex.org/W2165340934","https://openalex.org/W2169209167","https://openalex.org/W2183431278","https://openalex.org/W2268291092","https://openalex.org/W2298599425","https://openalex.org/W2319917844","https://openalex.org/W2332781931","https://openalex.org/W2514139380","https://openalex.org/W2538561489","https://openalex.org/W2565202242","https://openalex.org/W2599352877","https://openalex.org/W2608805528","https://openalex.org/W2614046616","https://openalex.org/W2615880284","https://openalex.org/W2622372453","https://openalex.org/W4238072388"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386395200","https://openalex.org/W2599212509","https://openalex.org/W2979950001","https://openalex.org/W3009353896","https://openalex.org/W2997211238","https://openalex.org/W2298599425","https://openalex.org/W2918164930","https://openalex.org/W3003585425","https://openalex.org/W2912941833","https://openalex.org/W4391818002"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"We":[1,35],"assessed":[2],"whether":[3],"risk":[4,26,164,189,205,223],"of":[5,20,40,65,165,206,227],"various":[6],"psychotic":[7,32,85,117,130,142,219],"disorders":[8,86,118,131,168,208],"and":[9,91,100,127,157,178,212],"non-psychotic":[10,166],"bipolar":[11,167],"disorder":[12,102],"(including":[13],"mania)":[14],"varied":[15],"by":[16,77],"migrant":[17],"status,":[18],"region":[19,226],"origin,":[21],"or":[22,52,63],"age-at-migration,":[23],"hypothesizing":[24],"that":[25],"would":[27],"only":[28],"be":[29,216],"elevated":[30,88,158],"for":[31,81,171,190],"disorders.":[33],"Methods:":[34],"established":[36],"a":[37],"prospective":[38],"cohort":[39],"1,796,257":[41],"Swedish":[42],"residents":[43],"born":[44],"between":[45],"1982-97,":[46],"followed":[47],"from":[48,150],"their":[49,92,191],"15th":[50],"birthday,":[51],"immigration":[53],"to":[54,73,195,218],"Sweden":[55],"after":[56],"age":[57],"15,":[58],"until":[59],"diagnosis,":[60],"emigration,":[61],"death,":[62],"end":[64],"2011.":[66],"Cox":[67],"proportional":[68],"hazards":[69],"models":[70],"were":[71,87,145],"used":[72],"model":[74],"hazard":[75,104],"ratios":[76],"migration-related":[78],"factors,":[79],"adjusted":[80],"covariates.":[82],"Results:":[83],"All":[84],"among":[89],"migrants":[90,149,172],"children":[93,192],"compared":[94],"with":[95,210,221],"Swedish-born":[96,197],"individuals,":[97],"including":[98],"schizophrenia":[99],"schizoaffective":[101],"(adjusted":[103],"ratio":[105],"[aHR]":[106],"-":[107],"migrants:":[108],"2.20,":[109],"95%CI:":[110,114,121,125,134,138,155,175,186,201],"1.96-2.47;":[111],"aHR-children:":[112,123,136],"2.00,":[113],"1.79-2.25),":[115],"affective":[116],"(aHR-migrant:":[119,132],"1.42,":[120],"1.25-1.63;":[122],"1.22":[124],"1.07-1.40),":[126],"other":[128],"non-affective":[129],"1.97,":[133],"1.81-2.14;":[135],"1.68,":[137],"1.54-1.83).":[139],"For":[140],"all":[141,180],"disorders,":[143,220],"risks":[144],"generally":[146],"highest":[147],"in":[148],"Africa":[151],"(i.e.":[152],"aHR-schizophrenia:":[153],"5.24,":[154],"4.26-6.45)":[156],"at":[159],"most":[160],"ages-of-migration.":[161],"By":[162],"contrast,":[163],"was":[169,193],"lower":[170],"(aHR:":[173,184,199],"0.58,":[174],"0.52-0.64)":[176],"overall,":[177],"across":[179],"ages-of-migration":[181],"except":[182],"infancy":[183],"1.20;":[185],"1.01-1.42),":[187],"while":[188],"similar":[194],"the":[196],"population":[198],"1.00,":[200],"0.93-1.08).":[202],"Conclusions:":[203],"Increased":[204],"psychiatric":[207],"associated":[209],"migration":[211],"minority":[213],"status":[214],"may":[215],"specific":[217],"exact":[222],"dependent":[224],"on":[225],"origin.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}