{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4241960996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.29164/18ethno","title":"Ethnography","display_name":"Ethnography","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-02-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4241960996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.29164/18ethno"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.29164/18ethno","doi":"https://doi.org/10.29164/18ethno","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.29164/18ethno","pdf_url":"http://www.anthroencyclopedia.com/printpdf/262","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227796","display_name":"Open Encyclopedia of Anthropology","issn_l":"2398-516X","issn":["2398-516X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cambridge Encyclopedia of Anthropology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"reference-entry","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"http://www.anthroencyclopedia.com/printpdf/262","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078640997","display_name":"Signe Lise Howell","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Signe Howell","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oslo"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oslo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078640997"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10149","display_name":"Anthropological Studies and Insights","score":0.5375999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10149","display_name":"Anthropological Studies and Insights","score":0.5375999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11981","display_name":"Qualitative Research Methods and Ethics","score":0.4154999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13741","display_name":"Cross-Cultural and Social Analysis","score":0.01850000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnographic-fieldwork","display_name":"ethnographic fieldwork","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/participant-observation","display_name":"participant observation","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-term-fieldwork","display_name":"long-term fieldwork","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inductive-approach","display_name":"inductive method","score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparative-analysis","display_name":"comparative analysis","score":0.4580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anthropological-theory","display_name":"anthropological theory","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emic-perspective","display_name":"emic perspective","score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minority-groups","display_name":"minority groups","score":0.5139999985694885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179454799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132151","display_name":"Ethnography","level":2,"score":0.8130529522895813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.5745894312858582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5170679688453674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194943564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1129049","display_name":"Participant observation","level":2,"score":0.49700167775154114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.449473112821579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777063073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1553237","display_name":"Settlement (finance)","level":3,"score":0.44247087836265564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775852435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258403","display_name":"Utterance","level":2,"score":0.43034934997558594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.33280956745147705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.13051876425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.29164/18ethno","doi":"https://doi.org/10.29164/18ethno","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.29164/18ethno","pdf_url":"http://www.anthroencyclopedia.com/printpdf/262","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227796","display_name":"Open Encyclopedia of Anthropology","issn_l":"2398-516X","issn":["2398-516X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cambridge Encyclopedia of Anthropology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.29164/18ethno","doi":"https://doi.org/10.29164/18ethno","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.29164/18ethno","pdf_url":"http://www.anthroencyclopedia.com/printpdf/262","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227796","display_name":"Open Encyclopedia of Anthropology","issn_l":"2398-516X","issn":["2398-516X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cambridge Encyclopedia of Anthropology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4241960996.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4241960996.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W436970179","https://openalex.org/W622363945","https://openalex.org/W1493919779","https://openalex.org/W1494365918","https://openalex.org/W1536531570","https://openalex.org/W1552323251","https://openalex.org/W1573051878","https://openalex.org/W1968161596","https://openalex.org/W1979731710","https://openalex.org/W1989635414","https://openalex.org/W2035835421","https://openalex.org/W2152534083","https://openalex.org/W2489489442","https://openalex.org/W2624805041","https://openalex.org/W2795922280","https://openalex.org/W2796148442","https://openalex.org/W4299156777","https://openalex.org/W4388943216","https://openalex.org/W4401004422","https://openalex.org/W6628218910","https://openalex.org/W6634305368","https://openalex.org/W6636421982","https://openalex.org/W6682284114"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2908019076","https://openalex.org/W2396511599","https://openalex.org/W4230907228","https://openalex.org/W3125896745","https://openalex.org/W3217606331","https://openalex.org/W6932030027","https://openalex.org/W4409349344","https://openalex.org/W139406346","https://openalex.org/W4396797305","https://openalex.org/W3209647430"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ethnographic":[0,263],"fieldwork,":[1],"carried":[2],"out":[3,80],"according":[4],"to":[5,29,36,59,84,102,126,141,150,216,240,243,246],"the":[6,24,27,37,51,61,93,97,118,124,144,165,180,189,210,234,238,247],"method":[7,17,25,145,185],"of":[8,34,45,50,65,96,146,192,213,233],"long-term":[9],"participant-observation,":[10],"is":[11,18,33,54,122,148,186,229,265],"what":[12,218,224],"defines":[13],"social":[14,70],"anthropology.":[15],"The":[16,184,252],"inductive":[19],"and":[20,63,68,71,117,215],"open-ended.":[21],"As":[22],"such,":[23],"directs":[26],"anthropologist":[28],"study":[30,158,208],"that":[31,82],"which":[32],"significance":[35],"community":[38,167],"studied":[39],"rather":[40,222],"than":[41,223],"test":[42],"a":[43,55,127,161,177,203],"number":[44],"hypotheses":[46],"formulated":[47],"in":[48,106,113,160,168,176,179,195,260,268],"advance":[49],"fieldwork.":[52],"Anthropology":[53],"comparative":[56],"discipline,":[57],"seeking":[58],"unravel":[60],"complexity":[62],"variety":[64],"human":[66,69],"understanding":[67],"cultural":[72],"life.":[73],"For":[74],"this":[75,121],"reason,":[76],"anthropologists":[77,132],"have":[78,133],"sought":[79],"societies":[81],"seemed":[83],"be":[85,151,244],"very":[86],"different":[87],"from":[88,202],"their":[89,104,135],"own":[90],"and,":[91],"during":[92],"first":[94],"half":[95],"twentieth":[98],"century,":[99],"most":[100],"went":[101],"undertake":[103],"fieldwork":[105,264],"small":[107],"-":[108,111],"often":[109],"minority":[110],"communities":[112,139],"Africa,":[114],"Asia,":[115],"Oceania,":[116],"Americas.":[119],"While":[120],"still":[123],"case":[125],"large":[128,162],"extent,":[129],"today":[130],"many":[131],"directed":[134],"ethnographic":[136],"gaze":[137],"toward":[138],"closer":[140],"home.":[142],"Thus":[143],"participant-observation":[147],"found":[149],"useful":[152],"by":[153],"those":[154],"who,":[155],"for":[156],"example,":[157],"life":[159],"bank,":[163],"or":[164,250],"gay":[166],"an":[169],"American":[170],"urban":[171],"setting,":[172],"as":[173,175],"much":[174],"settlement":[178],"Malaysian":[181],"rain":[182],"forest.":[183],"based":[187],"on":[188,209,221],"paradoxical":[190],"activity":[191],"participating":[193],"fully":[194],"peoples\u2019":[196],"lives,":[197],"while":[198],"simultaneously":[199],"observing":[200],"it":[201],"distance.":[204],"To":[205],"base":[206],"one\u2019s":[207],"\u2018native\u2019s":[211],"point":[212],"view\u2019,":[214],"disentangle":[217],"really":[219],"goes":[220,227],"people":[225],"say":[226],"on,":[228],"one":[230],"central":[231],"advantage":[232],"method.":[235],"This":[236],"forces":[237],"researcher":[239],"allow":[241],"herself":[242],"open":[245],"unexpected":[248],"event":[249],"utterance.":[251],"ethnographer":[253],"always":[254],"engages":[255],"with":[256,271],"contemporary":[257],"anthropological":[258,272],"theory":[259],"her":[261],"interpretations.":[262],"thus":[266],"performed":[267],"active":[269],"relationship":[270],"theory.":[273]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}
