{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4241680972","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/fqukp","title":"A Causal Framework for Cross-Cultural Generalizability","display_name":"A Causal Framework for Cross-Cultural Generalizability","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4241680972","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/fqukp"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/fqukp","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/fqukp","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/fqukp","pdf_url":"https://psyarxiv.com/fqukp/download","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://psyarxiv.com/fqukp/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009433086","display_name":"Dominik Deffner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1649-3861","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1649-3861"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118560","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology","ror":"https://ror.org/02a33b393","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210118560"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120221","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Human Development","ror":"https://ror.org/02pp7px91","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210120221"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dominik Deffner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany","Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary An-thropology, Leipzig, Germany","Science of Intelligence Excellence Cluster, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1649-3861","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120221"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary An-thropology, Leipzig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118560"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science of Intelligence Excellence Cluster, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027778611","display_name":"Julia M. Rohrer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8564-4523","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8564-4523"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I926574661","display_name":"Leipzig University","ror":"https://ror.org/03s7gtk40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I926574661"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julia M. Rohrer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I926574661"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051794103","display_name":"Richard L. McElreath","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0387-5377","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0387-5377"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118560","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology","ror":"https://ror.org/02a33b393","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210118560"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard McElreath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary An-thropology, Leipzig, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0387-5377","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary An-thropology, Leipzig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118560"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009433086"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118560","https://openalex.org/I4210120221","https://openalex.org/I4577782"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.29760000109672546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.29760000109672546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.20800000429153442,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.13179999589920044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-cultural-generalizability","display_name":"cross-cultural generalizability","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-inference","display_name":"causal inference","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphical-criteria","display_name":"graphical criteria","score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-cultural-comparison","display_name":"cross-cultural comparison","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-projections","display_name":"population projections","score":0.39800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/study-design","display_name":"research design","score":0.45500001311302185}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.979634165763855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.6844090223312378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.665523886680603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5552520155906677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.46513551473617554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168646138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11578821","display_name":"Cross-cultural","level":2,"score":0.45707470178604126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.44220009446144104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.43082377314567566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.41074660420417786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3959810435771942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.38518425822257996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3821907639503479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36007821559906006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.335999071598053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.23234909772872925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.22141709923744202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.1485898792743683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1459915041923523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08421280980110168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/fqukp","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/fqukp","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/fqukp","pdf_url":"https://psyarxiv.com/fqukp/download","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:E007C-C27-A36","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.31234/OSF.IO/FQUKP","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:f85b3974-c77d-4892-b716-a6e62d08f5ce","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://osf.io/fqukp","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/fqukp","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/fqukp","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/fqukp","pdf_url":"https://psyarxiv.com/fqukp/download","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324682","display_name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Evolution\u00e4re Anthropologie","ror":"https://ror.org/02a33b393"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4241680972.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4241680972.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":120,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W96167583","https://openalex.org/W619507632","https://openalex.org/W1519823818","https://openalex.org/W1528089658","https://openalex.org/W1592576206","https://openalex.org/W1635854582","https://openalex.org/W1730782591","https://openalex.org/W1821066201","https://openalex.org/W1969781830","https://openalex.org/W1974450549","https://openalex.org/W1975077911","https://openalex.org/W1981457167","https://openalex.org/W1982803242","https://openalex.org/W1993130654","https://openalex.org/W2013595098","https://openalex.org/W2017470614","https://openalex.org/W2031811990","https://openalex.org/W2032747704","https://openalex.org/W2045656233","https://openalex.org/W2049424050","https://openalex.org/W2063911019","https://openalex.org/W2064031545","https://openalex.org/W2067015959","https://openalex.org/W2067786881","https://openalex.org/W2068738272","https://openalex.org/W2100213394","https://openalex.org/W2113419089","https://openalex.org/W2121804548","https://openalex.org/W2125531710","https://openalex.org/W2129700682","https://openalex.org/W2132218683","https://openalex.org/W2132557528","https://openalex.org/W2133583145","https://openalex.org/W2137711071","https://openalex.org/W2139122730","https://openalex.org/W2148534890","https://openalex.org/W2159080219","https://openalex.org/W2162928770","https://openalex.org/W2166730394","https://openalex.org/W2167310184","https://openalex.org/W2179859124","https://openalex.org/W2194331382","https://openalex.org/W2296172910","https://openalex.org/W2302202015","https://openalex.org/W2305754340","https://openalex.org/W2466989778","https://openalex.org/W2486285194","https://openalex.org/W2519509910","https://openalex.org/W2554108630","https://openalex.org/W2577537660","https://openalex.org/W2597915662","https://openalex.org/W2607297793","https://openalex.org/W2751778071","https://openalex.org/W2776946813","https://openalex.org/W2783740028","https://openalex.org/W2790414966","https://openalex.org/W2889730347","https://openalex.org/W2896252141","https://openalex.org/W2903571680","https://openalex.org/W2913939165","https://openalex.org/W2915497009","https://openalex.org/W2920328045","https://openalex.org/W2922811975","https://openalex.org/W2962681511","https://openalex.org/W2963729624","https://openalex.org/W2966530259","https://openalex.org/W2968111871","https://openalex.org/W2974734886","https://openalex.org/W2989682635","https://openalex.org/W2990356585","https://openalex.org/W2993989020","https://openalex.org/W3000950628","https://openalex.org/W3005795556","https://openalex.org/W3016390079","https://openalex.org/W3022698454","https://openalex.org/W3027282910","https://openalex.org/W3034684317","https://openalex.org/W3035772765","https://openalex.org/W3036948988","https://openalex.org/W3041840469","https://openalex.org/W3049476187","https://openalex.org/W3084190579","https://openalex.org/W3093318892","https://openalex.org/W3097981474","https://openalex.org/W3118373570","https://openalex.org/W3121426676","https://openalex.org/W3121492802","https://openalex.org/W3122958054","https://openalex.org/W3129386112","https://openalex.org/W3136252387","https://openalex.org/W3162905057","https://openalex.org/W3168499785","https://openalex.org/W3185912040","https://openalex.org/W3195599406","https://openalex.org/W3209765244","https://openalex.org/W4224279946","https://openalex.org/W4229545218","https://openalex.org/W4235170930","https://openalex.org/W4236213345","https://openalex.org/W4238688906","https://openalex.org/W4239288601","https://openalex.org/W4243245552","https://openalex.org/W4248605742","https://openalex.org/W4249133444","https://openalex.org/W4249426557","https://openalex.org/W4250573207","https://openalex.org/W4252125916","https://openalex.org/W4285364325","https://openalex.org/W4285776419","https://openalex.org/W4288048568","https://openalex.org/W6635360447","https://openalex.org/W6662203318","https://openalex.org/W6674070972","https://openalex.org/W6808301410","https://openalex.org/W6818062142","https://openalex.org/W6827708981","https://openalex.org/W6945142417","https://openalex.org/W6988108647","https://openalex.org/W7027825480","https://openalex.org/W7074602641"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1561570484","https://openalex.org/W4399027386","https://openalex.org/W2735935758","https://openalex.org/W7113147021","https://openalex.org/W7164313586","https://openalex.org/W1171187993","https://openalex.org/W2486708277","https://openalex.org/W7128070902","https://openalex.org/W7167209570","https://openalex.org/W4360801399"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Behavioral":[0],"researchers":[1,113],"increasingly":[2],"recognize":[3],"the":[4,12,33],"need":[5],"for":[6,40,109,127],"more":[7,116,124],"diverse":[8],"samples":[9],"that":[10,48],"capture":[11],"breadth":[13],"of":[14,35,104],"human":[15],"experience.":[16],"Current":[17],"attempts":[18],"to":[19,27,59,76,92],"establish":[20],"generalizability":[21,110],"across":[22,97],"populations":[23],"focus":[24],"on":[25,30],"threats":[26],"validity,":[28],"constraints":[29],"generalization":[31],"and":[32,57,71,80,86,94,120,129],"accumulation":[34],"large":[36],"cross-cultural":[37,62,118],"datasets.":[38],"But":[39],"continued":[41],"progress,":[42],"we":[43,89],"also":[44],"require":[45],"a":[46,66,102,106,123],"framework":[47,70,108],"lets":[49],"us":[50],"determine":[51],"which":[52],"inferences":[53],"can":[54,111],"be":[55],"drawn":[56],"how":[58,91,105],"make":[60],"informative":[61,117],"comparisons.":[63],"We":[64,99],"describe":[65],"generative":[67],"causal":[68],"modeling":[69],"outline":[72],"simple":[73],"graphical":[74],"criteria":[75],"derive":[77],"analytic":[78],"strategies":[79],"implied":[81],"generalizations.":[82],"Using":[83],"both":[84],"simulated":[85],"real":[87],"data,":[88],"demonstrate":[90],"project":[93],"compare":[95],"estimates":[96],"populations.":[98],"conclude":[100],"with":[101],"discussion":[103],"formal":[107],"assist":[112],"in":[114],"designing":[115],"studies":[119],"thus":[121],"provides":[122],"solid":[125],"foundation":[126],"cumulative":[128],"generalizable":[130],"behavioral":[131],"research.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}