{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4241635563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000028756","title":"Direct Observation of the Mechanism of Glacier Sliding Over Bedrock","display_name":"Direct Observation of the Mechanism of Glacier Sliding Over Bedrock","publication_year":1964,"publication_date":"1964-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4241635563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000028756"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3189/s0022143000028756","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000028756","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000028756","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/A032752BFEA9BB2628AC95966D72C332/S0022143000028756a.pdf/div-class-title-direct-observation-of-the-mechanism-of-glacier-sliding-over-bedrock-a-href-fn1-ref-type-fn-a-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140216511","display_name":"Journal of Glaciology","issn_l":"0022-1430","issn":["0022-1430","1727-5652"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Glaciology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/A032752BFEA9BB2628AC95966D72C332/S0022143000028756a.pdf/div-class-title-direct-observation-of-the-mechanism-of-glacier-sliding-over-bedrock-a-href-fn1-ref-type-fn-a-div.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111377155","display_name":"Barclay Kamb","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barclay Kamb","raw_affiliation_strings":["California Institute of Technology,\u2020Pasadena, California, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"California Institute of Technology,\u2020Pasadena, California, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074496693","display_name":"Edward R. LaChapelle","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. LaChapelle","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington,\u2021Seattle, Washington, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington,\u2021Seattle, Washington, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2600},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.3919,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":195,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98221983,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"38","first_page":"159","last_page":"172"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10017","display_name":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslides and related hazards","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glacier-sliding","display_name":"glacier sliding","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basal-slip","display_name":"basal slip","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regelation","display_name":"regelation","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blue-glacier","display_name":"Blue Glacier","score":0.6299999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137527640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570309","display_name":"Bedrock","level":2,"score":0.8792999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.8647569417953491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100834320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35666","display_name":"Glacier","level":2,"score":0.6388130187988281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.6332175731658936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195268267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1928883","display_name":"Slip (aerodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.5823813080787659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777045574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196100","display_name":"Slipping","level":2,"score":0.5399143695831299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81820708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2540532","display_name":"Ice stream","level":4,"score":0.5003540515899658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777201227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331224","display_name":"Overburden","level":2,"score":0.46425965428352356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152279782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13583542","display_name":"Shearing (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4423748850822449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3298511505126953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5900021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163082","display_name":"Petrology","level":1,"score":0.3205784559249878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.22504234313964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136894858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213926","display_name":"Sea ice","level":2,"score":0.0936066210269928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.09070691466331482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197435368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q493109","display_name":"Cryosphere","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3189/s0022143000028756","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000028756","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000028756","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/A032752BFEA9BB2628AC95966D72C332/S0022143000028756a.pdf/div-class-title-direct-observation-of-the-mechanism-of-glacier-sliding-over-bedrock-a-href-fn1-ref-type-fn-a-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140216511","display_name":"Journal of Glaciology","issn_l":"0022-1430","issn":["0022-1430","1727-5652"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Glaciology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0022143000028756","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000028756","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000028756","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140216511","display_name":"Journal of Glaciology","issn_l":"0022-1430","issn":["0022-1430","1727-5652"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Glaciology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3189/s0022143000028756","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000028756","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000028756","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/A032752BFEA9BB2628AC95966D72C332/S0022143000028756a.pdf/div-class-title-direct-observation-of-the-mechanism-of-glacier-sliding-over-bedrock-a-href-fn1-ref-type-fn-a-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140216511","display_name":"Journal of Glaciology","issn_l":"0022-1430","issn":["0022-1430","1727-5652"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Glaciology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332542","display_name":"National Park Service","ror":"https://ror.org/044zqqy65"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4241635563.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4241635563.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W60180752","https://openalex.org/W195204138","https://openalex.org/W198461670","https://openalex.org/W212738252","https://openalex.org/W1998538223","https://openalex.org/W2027348889","https://openalex.org/W2032580647","https://openalex.org/W2047037685","https://openalex.org/W2063209729","https://openalex.org/W2086651356","https://openalex.org/W2091120053","https://openalex.org/W2134159265","https://openalex.org/W2135386205","https://openalex.org/W3197107126"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2587669616","https://openalex.org/W1626369658","https://openalex.org/W112337026","https://openalex.org/W1757349584","https://openalex.org/W1997870649","https://openalex.org/W4211130179","https://openalex.org/W2946812915","https://openalex.org/W3180759830","https://openalex.org/W2600084857","https://openalex.org/W1626817669"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"At":[1],"the":[2,14,19,34,47,51,62,70,74,87,92,112,143,157,164,174,208,215,223,253,256],"head":[3],"of":[4,16,18,37,50,73,86,91,97,104,109,118,134,151,159,163,173,185,188,194,214,242,258],"a":[5],"tunnel":[6],"driven":[7],"to":[8,83,100,123,127,169,206,235,263],"bedrock":[9,22,101,124,137],"in":[10,46,61,81,121,156,181,252,274],"Blue":[11],"Glacier,":[12],"Washington,":[13],"mechanism":[15,27],"sliding":[17],"glacier":[20,52],"over":[21],"has":[23,268],"been":[24,178,269],"investigated.":[25],"This":[26,246],"involves":[28],"(1)":[29],"regelation-slip,":[30],"which":[31,182,271],"operates":[32],"through":[33],"combined":[35],"action":[36],"heat":[38],"transport":[39,42],"and":[40,44,115,126,138,162,201,228],"mass":[41],"(liquid":[43],"solid)":[45],"immediate":[48],"neighborhood":[49],"sole;":[53],"(2)":[54],"plastic":[55,259],"flow,":[56],"promoted":[57],"by":[58,210],"stress":[59],"concentrations":[60],"basal":[63,75,98,113,152,216],"ice.":[64],"We":[65],"have":[66,177],"observed":[67],"and/or":[68],"measured":[69],"following":[71],"features":[72],"slip":[76,93,217],"process:":[77],"1.":[78],"Slip":[79],"rate":[80],"relation":[82,122],"internal":[84],"deformation":[85,150],"ice;":[88],"2.":[89],"Time-variations":[90],"rate;":[94],"3.":[95],"Freezing":[96],"ice":[99,135,153,195],"upon":[102],"release":[103],"overburden":[105],"pressure;":[106],"4.":[107],"Formation":[108],"aregelation":[110],"layerin":[111],"ice,":[114],"detailed":[116],"behavior":[117],"this":[119],"layer":[120,176],"obstacles":[125],"incorporated":[128],"debris":[129],"particles;":[130],"5.":[131],"Local":[132],"separation":[133],"from":[136],"continuous":[139],"formation":[140],"ofregelation":[141],"spiculesin":[142],"open":[144],"cavities":[145],"thus":[146],"created;":[147],"6.":[148],"Plastic":[149],"as":[154,261],"recorded":[155],"warping":[158],"foliation":[160],"planes":[161],"regelation":[165,175,183],"layer.":[166],"Simple":[167],"experiments":[168],"test":[170,207],"our":[171,236],"interpretation":[172],"carried":[179],"out,":[180],"flow":[184,260],"solid":[186],"cubes":[187],"different":[189],"materials":[190],"frozen":[191],"into":[192],"blocks":[193],"was":[196],"produced.":[197],"The":[198],"field":[199],"measurements":[200],"laboratory":[202],"results":[203,273],"are":[204,238],"used":[205],"theory":[209,254,267],"Weertman":[211],"(1957,":[212],"1962)":[213],"mechanism.":[218],"It":[219],"is":[220],"found":[221],"that":[222,232],"theoretical":[224],"\u201ccontrolling":[225,229],"obstacle":[226,230],"size\u201d":[227],"spacing\u201d":[231],"should":[233],"correspond":[234],"observations":[237],"about":[239],"an":[240,250],"order":[241],"magnitude":[243],"too":[244],"small.":[245],"quantitative":[247],"failure":[248],"represents":[249],"overemphasis":[251],"on":[255],"importance":[257],"compared":[262],"regelation.":[264],"A":[265],"new":[266],"constructed":[270],"gives":[272],"better":[275],"agreement":[276],"with":[277],"observation.":[278]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}
