{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4240887276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/iupac.73.0807","title":"Recommendations","display_name":"Recommendations","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-03-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4240887276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/iupac.73.0807"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1515/iupac.73.0807","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/iupac.73.0807","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/iupac.73.0807","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363604078","display_name":"IUPAC Standards Online","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IUPAC Standards Online","raw_type":"dataset"},"volume":null,"type":"dataset","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111913220","display_name":"Robert A. Alberty","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert A. Alberty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111913220"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10402","display_name":"Phase Equilibria and Thermodynamics","score":0.538100004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10402","display_name":"Phase Equilibria and Thermodynamics","score":0.538100004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11520","display_name":"Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics","score":0.2946999967098236,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12852","display_name":"Chemical Thermodynamics and Molecular Structure","score":0.07209999859333038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1605","display_name":"Organic Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamic-potential","display_name":"thermodynamic potential","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legendre-transform","display_name":"Legendre transform","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-energy","display_name":"internal energy","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-variables","display_name":"natural variables","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-potential","display_name":"chemical potential","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gibbs-free-energy","display_name":"Gibbs free energy","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/helmholtz-free-energy","display_name":"Helmholtz free energy","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enthalpy","display_name":"enthalpy","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spontaneous-change","display_name":"spontaneous change","score":0.5149999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiphase-equilibrium","display_name":"multiphase equilibrium","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-tension","display_name":"surface tension","score":0.5569999814033508}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27592594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865821","display_name":"Helmholtz free energy","level":2,"score":0.6112736463546753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65494353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180241","display_name":"Internal energy","level":2,"score":0.5974161624908447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14380042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503327","display_name":"Thermodynamic system","level":2,"score":0.5790106058120728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5592531561851501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41607394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2420179","display_name":"Thermodynamic potential","level":2,"score":0.5474463701248169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119787686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474109","display_name":"Fundamental thermodynamic relation","level":3,"score":0.4923363924026489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.4601811170578003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116594300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908652","display_name":"Legendre transformation","level":2,"score":0.44760388135910034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111458787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215405","display_name":"Legendre polynomials","level":2,"score":0.4475015699863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3288061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161064","display_name":"Enthalpy","level":2,"score":0.4356667995452881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4306437075138092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.42817315459251404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146477669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334631","display_name":"Gibbs free energy","level":2,"score":0.4137257933616638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174994","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4120602","display_name":"Thermodynamic equations","level":3,"score":0.41026657819747925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74859849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2466686","display_name":"Non-equilibrium thermodynamics","level":2,"score":0.3310996890068054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3023112416267395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.23221969604492188}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1515/iupac.73.0807","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/iupac.73.0807","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/iupac.73.0807","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363604078","display_name":"IUPAC Standards Online","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IUPAC Standards Online","raw_type":"dataset"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4247953584","https://openalex.org/W4244600709","https://openalex.org/W4253584627","https://openalex.org/W2103165920","https://openalex.org/W2082551181","https://openalex.org/W7140517237","https://openalex.org/W7096563597","https://openalex.org/W2014598126","https://openalex.org/W4235399596","https://openalex.org/W1470082594"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,25,137,153,202,240,308,390],"fundamental":[1,26,65,145],"equation":[2,27,66,146],"of":[3,16,22,36,80,88,96,109,120,125,156,173,178,182,192,228,234,279,288,293,311,324,327,337,344,394,422,438,466,496,500,506],"thermodynamics":[4],"for":[5,13,28,58,67,74,100,216],"the":[6,37,49,52,64,68,179,183,193,199,214,276,282,285,325,328,358,416,435,494],"internal":[7,38,69,329,360],"energy":[8,39,70,244,248,330,361,368,373],"U":[9,29,121],"may":[10,71,418],"include":[11],"terms":[12,50,73,119],"various":[14],"types":[15],"work":[17,79,87,135],"and":[18,55,90,93,127,219,246,259,261,301,348,370,502],"involves":[19],"only":[20],"differentials":[21,142],"extensive":[23,44,128],"variables.":[24,152,201,307],"yields":[30],"intensive":[31,126,303,384,401],"variables":[32,129,139,155,204,236,304,386],"as":[33,150,170,264,305,335,357,485],"partial":[34,190],"derivatives":[35,191],"with":[40,196],"respect":[41,197],"to":[42,48,149,198,274,356,450,482,492],"other":[43,94,101,115,302],"properties.":[45],"In":[46],"addition":[47],"from":[51],"combined":[53],"first":[54],"second":[56],"laws":[57],"a":[59,144,157,164,171,376,395,409,439,444,452,462],"system":[60,184,411],"involving":[61],"PV":[62],"work,":[63,76,78,84,86],"involve":[72],"chemical":[75,277,391,436,464,472,504],"gravitational":[77,283,429],"electric":[81,89,286,295,432],"transport,":[82],"elongation":[83],"surface":[85,290],"magnetic":[91,298],"polarization,":[92],"kinds":[95],"work.":[97],"Fundamental":[98],"equations":[99],"thermodynamic":[102,116,158,165,180,194,224,313,498],"potentials":[103,117,287,314,473,499,505],"can":[104,167,185,237,271,316,331,353,447],"be":[105,168,186,238,272,317,333,354,419,425,448],"obtained":[106,187],"by":[107,141,188,252],"use":[108,227,483,495],"Legendre":[110,229,253,269,445],"transforms":[111,230,254,270,326,336,343],"that":[112,223,255,315,467],"define":[113,451],"these":[114],"in":[118,131,143,213,375,476],"minus":[122],"conjugate":[123],"pairs":[124],"involved":[130],"one":[132],"or":[133,340,424,431],"more":[134],"terms.":[136],"independent":[138,487],"represented":[140],"are":[147,160,205,210,250,350,474,490],"referred":[148,355],"natural":[151,154,175,200,203,235,265,306,385],"potential":[159,166,195,278,392,437,465],"important":[161,207,400],"because":[162,208,403,478],"if":[163],"determined":[169],"function":[172],"its":[174,404],"variables,":[176,266],"all":[177],"properties":[181],"taking":[189],"also":[206,332],"they":[209,352],"held":[211,442],"constant":[212],"criterion":[215],"spontaneous":[217],"change":[218],"equilibrium":[220,413,460],"based":[221],"on":[222],"potential.":[225],"By":[226],"any":[231,280],"desired":[232],"set":[233],"obtained.":[239],"enthalpy":[241,364],"H,":[242,338,346],"Helmholtz":[243,367],"A,":[245,339,347],"Gibbs":[247,372,454],"G":[249,349],"defined":[251,318],"introduce":[256,275],"P,":[257],"T,":[258],"P":[260],"T":[262],"together":[263],"respectively.":[267],"Further":[268],"used":[273,449],"species,":[281],"potential,":[284],"phases,":[289],"tension,":[291],"force":[292],"elongation,":[294],"field":[296,299],"strength,":[297,300],"large":[309],"number":[310],"transformed":[312,359,363,366,371,453,471,497,503],"raises":[319],"serious":[320],"nomenclature":[321],"problems.":[322],"Some":[323],"regarded":[334],"G.":[341],"Since":[342],"U,":[345],"useful,":[351],"U\u2032,":[362],"H\u2032,":[365],"A\u2032,":[369],"G\u2032":[374],"context":[377],"where":[378],"it":[379,479],"is":[380,397,406,441,457,480],"clear":[381],"what":[382],"additional":[383],"have":[387],"been":[388],"introduced.":[389],"\u03bci":[393],"species":[396,440],"an":[398,486],"especially":[399],"property":[402],"value":[405],"uniform":[407],"throughout":[408],"multiphase":[410],"at":[412,426,459,461],"even":[414],"though":[415],"phases":[417],"different":[420,427],"states":[421],"matter":[423],"pressures,":[428],"potentials,":[430],"potentials.":[433],"When":[434],"constant,":[443],"transform":[446],"energy,":[455],"which":[456],"minimized":[458],"specified":[463],"species.":[468,507],"For":[469],"example,":[470],"useful":[475],"biochemistry":[477],"convenient":[481],"pH":[484],"variable.":[488],"Recommendations":[489],"made":[491],"clarify":[493],"systems":[501]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-18T07:49:30.821534","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}