{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4240832368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.1877v2","title":"Variation in energy intake of female chimpanzees: comparing estimates based on feeding time versus energy ingestion rates","display_name":"Variation in energy intake of female chimpanzees: comparing estimates based on feeding time versus energy ingestion rates","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-03-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4240832368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.1877v2"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.7287/peerj.preprints.1877v2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.1877v2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.1877v2","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.1877v2","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000713803","display_name":"Moreen Uwimbabazi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1902-315X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1902-315X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72227227","display_name":"Makerere University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dmz0111","country_code":"UG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moreen Uwimbabazi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Zoology/College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Zoology/College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071739156","display_name":"Richard W. Wrangham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0435-2209","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0435-2209"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088504","display_name":"Kibale Chimpanzee Project","ror":"https://ror.org/003q4as88","country_code":"UG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088504"]}],"countries":["UG","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard W Wrangham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States","Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046447938","display_name":"Zarin P Machanda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7060-7949","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7060-7949"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088504","display_name":"Kibale Chimpanzee Project","ror":"https://ror.org/003q4as88","country_code":"UG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088504"]}],"countries":["UG","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zarin P Machanda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States","Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084217596","display_name":"Nancy L. Conklin\u2010Brittain","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nancy L Conklin-Brittain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033057286","display_name":"Jessica M. Rothman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7664-6065","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7664-6065"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39694355","display_name":"Hunter College","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2xk477","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39694355"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137413","display_name":"New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology","ror":"https://ror.org/03p65m515","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137413"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jessica M Rothman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, United States","New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39694355"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137413"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087385664","display_name":"Gilbert Isabirye Basuta","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72227227","display_name":"Makerere University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dmz0111","country_code":"UG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gilbert I Basuta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Zoology/College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Zoology/College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10699","display_name":"Primate Behavior and Ecology","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10699","display_name":"Primate Behavior and Ecology","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10487","display_name":"Plant and animal studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10199","display_name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chimpanzees","display_name":"chimpanzees","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-intake","display_name":"energy intake","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meal-timing","display_name":"meal timing","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-energy-content","display_name":"food energy content","score":0.5},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ripe-fruit","display_name":"ripe fruit","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/young-leaves","display_name":"young leaves","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/herbaceous-vegetation","display_name":"herbaceous vegetation","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seasonal-variation-in-diet","display_name":"seasonal diet variation","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primate-nutrition","display_name":"primate nutrition","score":0.8500000238418579}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193230392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1663054","display_name":"Ingestion","level":2,"score":0.8899224400520325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140793950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168091","display_name":"Animal science","level":1,"score":0.6679741144180298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30820588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190903","display_name":"Herbaceous plant","level":2,"score":0.541485071182251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40438245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130964","display_name":"Calorie","level":2,"score":0.5240683555603027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.4332963824272156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018685816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213449","display_name":"Food intake","level":2,"score":0.42664793133735657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.3643217980861664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.19945186376571655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.07534569501876831}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.7287/peerj.preprints.1877v2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.1877v2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.1877v2","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.7287/peerj.preprints.1877v2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.1877v2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.1877v2","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8409000039100647,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2301447336","https://openalex.org/W2131208547","https://openalex.org/W2003337848","https://openalex.org/W2949756248","https://openalex.org/W3163782401","https://openalex.org/W1829506078","https://openalex.org/W7095435453","https://openalex.org/W6907599592","https://openalex.org/W2547286278","https://openalex.org/W2014970546"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Different":[0],"food":[1,69,89],"items":[2],"can":[3],"provide":[4],"calories":[5],"at":[6,126],"different":[7,24],"rates,":[8],"yet":[9],"nutritional":[10,64],"studies":[11],"of":[12,20,28,38,78,163,181,202,220],"primates":[13],"are":[14,31],"generally":[15],"based":[16],"on":[17,184,205],"the":[18,36,47,74,124,189,218],"proportion":[19],"time":[21,183,204],"spent":[22,160,179,200],"eating":[23],"foods.":[25],"Accordingly,":[26],"estimates":[27],"energy":[29,79,137,171,191],"intake":[30,172,192,235],"potentially":[32],"wrong.":[33],"To":[34],"assess":[35],"importance":[37],"this":[39],"problem":[40],"we":[41],"observed":[42],"15":[43,57],"female":[44],"chimpanzees":[45,178],"from":[46],"Kanyawara":[48],"chimpanzee":[49,226],"community":[50],"in":[51,233,243],"Kibale":[52],"National":[53],"Park,":[54],"Uganda":[55],"for":[56,67,97,102,143,153],"months.":[58],"Feeding":[59],"rates":[60,86,113,125,223],"were":[61,120],"recorded":[62],"and":[63,150,228],"analyses":[65],"assembled":[66],"90":[68],"types.":[70],"Across":[71],"all":[72],"foods":[73],"mean":[75,162],"estimated":[76,114,136],"rate":[77,139],"ingestion":[80,85,112,138],"was":[81,194],"8.8\u00b17.6":[82],"Kcals/min.":[83],"Energy":[84,111],"varied":[87],"among":[88],"types":[90],"(F":[91,211],"8,82":[92],",=2.24,":[93],"p<0.05),":[94],"being":[95],"higher":[96,122,196],"ripe":[98,144,185],"fruits":[99,145,186],"(12.2\u00b18.7Kcals/min)":[100],"than":[101,123,197,239],"young":[103,154],"leaves":[104,155],"(7.8\u00b17.9Kcals/min),":[105],"piths":[106],"(6.0\u00b15.2Kcals/min)":[107],"or":[108],"seeds":[109],"(2.8\u00b11.9Kcals/min).":[110],"assuming":[115],"high":[116],"%NDF":[117],"fermentation":[118,129],"(54.3%)":[119],"significantly":[121,195],"zero":[127],"(0%)":[128],"(t=6.14,":[130],"p<0.01).":[131,214],"At":[132],"54.3%":[133],"NDF":[134],"fermentation,":[135],"rose":[140],"by":[141,151,241],"20.5%":[142],"(9.7":[146],"to":[147,157,174,224],"12.2":[148],"Kcals/min),":[149],"39.7%":[152],"(4.7":[156],"7.8Kcals/min).":[158],"Chimpanzees":[159],"a":[161],"304\u00b180":[164],"minutes":[165],"feeding":[166,182,203,222,244],"daily,":[167],"indicating":[168],"that":[169,230],"daily":[170],"averaged":[173],"3029":[175],"\u00b11198Kcal.":[176],"When":[177],">60%":[180,201],"(N=79":[187],"days),":[188],"average":[190],"(3367Kcal)":[193],"when":[198],"they":[199],"herbaceous":[206],"vegetation":[207],"(2409Kcal,":[208],"N=37":[209],"days)":[210],"1,114":[212],"=12.68,":[213],"Our":[215],"results":[216],"highlight":[217],"value":[219],"using":[221],"understand":[225],"nutrition,":[227],"suggest":[229],"seasonal":[231],"fluctuation":[232],"nutrient":[234],"is":[236],"more":[237],"pronounced":[238],"indicated":[240],"variation":[242],"time.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}