{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4240817942","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/3.2.75","title":"A Three-Generation Rat Reproductive Toxicity Study of Vinylidene Chloride in the Drinking Water","display_name":"A Three-Generation Rat Reproductive Toxicity Study of Vinylidene Chloride in the Drinking Water","publication_year":1983,"publication_date":"1983-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4240817942","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/3.2.75"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/toxsci/3.2.75","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/3.2.75","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/3.2.75","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186282544","display_name":"Toxicological Sciences","issn_l":"1096-0929","issn":["1096-0929","1096-6080"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Toxicological Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069373491","display_name":"Kenneth D. Nitschke","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133143","display_name":"Dow Chemical (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/032hx4q18","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133143"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K.D. NITSCHKE","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toxicology Research Laboratory, Health and Environmental Sciences U.S.A., Dow Chemical U.S.A., Midland, MI 48640"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toxicology Research Laboratory, Health and Environmental Sciences U.S.A., Dow Chemical U.S.A., Midland, MI 48640","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069203331","display_name":"F.A. Smith","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133143","display_name":"Dow Chemical (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/032hx4q18","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133143"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F.A. SMITH","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toxicology Research Laboratory, Health and Environmental Sciences U.S.A., Dow Chemical U.S.A., Midland, MI 48640"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toxicology Research Laboratory, Health and Environmental Sciences U.S.A., Dow Chemical U.S.A., Midland, MI 48640","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114250202","display_name":"John F. Quast","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133143","display_name":"Dow Chemical (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/032hx4q18","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133143"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J.F. QUAST","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toxicology Research Laboratory, Health and Environmental Sciences U.S.A., Dow Chemical U.S.A., Midland, MI 48640"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toxicology Research Laboratory, Health and Environmental Sciences U.S.A., Dow Chemical U.S.A., Midland, MI 48640","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"J.M. NORRIS","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133143","display_name":"Dow Chemical (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/032hx4q18","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133143"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J.M. NORRIS","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toxicology Research Laboratory, Health and Environmental Sciences U.S.A., Dow Chemical U.S.A., Midland, MI 48640"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toxicology Research Laboratory, Health and Environmental Sciences U.S.A., Dow Chemical U.S.A., Midland, MI 48640","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133143"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079362036","display_name":"Bernard A. Schwetz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133143","display_name":"Dow Chemical (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/032hx4q18","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133143"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B.A. SCHWETZ","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toxicology Research Laboratory, Health and Environmental Sciences U.S.A., Dow Chemical U.S.A., Midland, MI 48640"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toxicology Research Laboratory, Health and Environmental Sciences U.S.A., Dow Chemical U.S.A., Midland, MI 48640","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133143"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133143"],"apc_list":{"value":4671,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4671},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53675565,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"2","first_page":"75","last_page":"79"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12229","display_name":"Pharmacological Effects and Toxicity Studies","score":0.41990000009536743,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12229","display_name":"Pharmacological Effects and Toxicity Studies","score":0.41990000009536743,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11493","display_name":"Water Treatment and Disinfection","score":0.39399999380111694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10433","display_name":"Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment","score":0.10939999669790268,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1306","display_name":"Cancer Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vinylidene-chloride","display_name":"vinylidene chloride","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reproductive-toxicity","display_name":"reproductive toxicity","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/three-generation-study","display_name":"three-generation study","score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drinking-water-exposure","display_name":"drinking water exposure","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fertility","display_name":"fertility","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offspring-survival","display_name":"offspring survival","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liver-histopathology","display_name":"liver histopathology","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developmental-toxicity","display_name":"developmental toxicity","score":0.5320000052452087}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112672928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q239526","display_name":"Offspring","level":3,"score":0.7081546187400818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99432707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3427345","display_name":"Reproductive toxicity","level":3,"score":0.6886454820632935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29730261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274160","display_name":"Toxicity","level":2,"score":0.674916684627533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518429986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q964401","display_name":"Fertility","level":3,"score":0.6275513768196106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59659247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11990","display_name":"Reproduction","level":2,"score":0.6149808168411255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140793950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168091","display_name":"Animal science","level":1,"score":0.5713644623756409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5370283126831055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33070731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7218","display_name":"Toxicology","level":1,"score":0.5310384035110474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778695967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44791900","display_name":"Chloride","level":2,"score":0.472137987613678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.27768027782440186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.27238690853118896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.23576673865318298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.1909044086933136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995","display_name":"Pregnancy","level":2,"score":0.15776321291923523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.15702179074287415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/toxsci/3.2.75","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/3.2.75","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/3.2.75","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186282544","display_name":"Toxicological Sciences","issn_l":"1096-0929","issn":["1096-0929","1096-6080"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Toxicological Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6618000268936157,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"},{"score":0.6240000128746033,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2063003691","https://openalex.org/W7099343870","https://openalex.org/W2018808363","https://openalex.org/W4243035870","https://openalex.org/W2085173746","https://openalex.org/W2016999512","https://openalex.org/W4251208454","https://openalex.org/W2171237781","https://openalex.org/W2389438458","https://openalex.org/W4247992778"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,29,69],"Three-Generation":[1],"Rat":[2],"Reproductive":[3],"Toxicity":[4],"Study":[5],"of":[6,41,65,77,102,109,121,178,189,197,203,222,252,254,286,297,319,328],"Vinylidene":[7],"Chloride":[8],"in":[9,75,98,129,147,151,172,182,205,212,219,240,264,268,290,310],"the":[10,39,63,66,78,84,89,94,118,122,130,136,141,156,173,183,186,190,195,213,223,229,232,236,241,265,291,311,316],"Drinking":[11],"Water.":[12],"Nitschke,":[13],"K.D.,":[14],"Smith,":[15],"F.A.,":[16],"Quast,":[17],"J.F.,":[18],"Norris,":[19],"J.M.":[20],"and":[21,62,175,257,272,280],"Schwetz,":[22],"B.A.":[23],"(1983).":[24],"Fundam.":[25],"Appl.":[26],"Toxicol.":[27],"3:75-79.":[28],"reproduction":[30,61],"study":[31],"was":[32,73,133,149,166,216,243],"conducted":[33],"with":[34],"Sprague-Dawley":[35],"rats":[36,255,320],"to":[37,47,92,154,226,248,261],"evaluate":[38],"effects":[40],"parental":[42],"exposure":[43],"through":[44,321],"three":[45,76,322],"generations":[46,323],"drinking":[48,131,184,266,298],"water":[49,132,267,299],"containing":[50,300],"0,":[51,112],"50,":[52],"100":[53,115],"or":[54,114,160,231],"200":[55,105,126],"ppm":[56,106,127],"vinylidene":[57,262,301],"chloride":[58,263,302],"(VDC)":[59],"on":[60],"development":[64],"resultant":[67],"offspring.":[68],"low":[70],"fertility":[71,101,119,148],"rate":[72],"observed":[74,150,239],"four":[79],"groups":[80],"including":[81],"controls,":[82],"for":[83,135,140,200],"fo":[85],"generation":[86],"rats.":[87,293],"Remating":[88],"f0":[90,123],"adults":[91,225],"produce":[93,155,227],"f1b":[95,137],"litters":[96,138,177,192,215],"resulted":[97],"a":[99,287],"lower":[100],"dams":[103,110,124,179],"ingesting":[104,111,125,180],"VDC":[107,128,181],"than":[108,139],"50":[113],"ppm.":[116],"However,":[117],"index":[120],"higher":[134],"f1a":[142],"litters.":[143,162,234,329],"No":[144],"overall":[145],"decrease":[146],"subsequent":[152,220],"matings":[153,221],"f2,":[157],"f3a,":[158],"f3b":[159,230],"f3c":[161,233],"Although":[163],"neonatal":[164],"survival":[165,187,238],"decreased":[167,237],"from":[168],"concurrent":[169],"control":[170,198],"values":[171,199],"f2":[174,191,258],"f3a":[176,242],"water,":[185],"indices":[188],"were":[193],"within":[194],"range":[196],"this":[201,206],"strain":[202],"rat":[204],"laboratory.":[207],"The":[208],"apparent":[209],"effect":[210],"seen":[211],"f3.":[214],"not":[217,314],"repeated":[218],"same":[224],"either":[228],"Consequently,":[235],"interpreted":[244],"as":[245],"being":[246],"due":[247],"chance.":[249],"Histopathologic":[250],"examination":[251],"tissues":[253],"(f1":[256],"adults)":[259],"exposed":[260],"utero,":[269],"during":[270],"lactation,":[271],"post":[273],"weaning":[274],"revealed":[275],"slight":[276],"hepatocellular":[277],"fatty":[278],"change":[279],"an":[281],"accentuated":[282],"hepatic":[283],"lobular":[284],"pattern":[285],"reversible":[288],"nature":[289],"adult":[292],"In":[294],"conclusion,":[295],"ingestion":[296],"at":[303],"concentrations":[304],"which":[305,324],"caused":[306],"mild,":[307],"dose-related":[308],"changes":[309],"liver,":[312],"did":[313],"affect":[315],"reproductive":[317],"capacity":[318],"produced":[325],"six":[326],"sets":[327]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}
