{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4240420052","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/002075900399402","title":"Social Dilemmas","display_name":"Social Dilemmas","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4240420052","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/002075900399402"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/002075900399402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/002075900399402","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/002075900399402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S53056752","display_name":"International Journal of Psychology","issn_l":"0020-7594","issn":["0020-7594","1464-066X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","erih-plus","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032164433","display_name":"Robyn M. Dawes","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robyn M. Dawes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038285628","display_name":"David M. Messick","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David M. Messick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University, Evanston, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University, Evanston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032164433"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":{"value":3570,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3570},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.8646,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":248,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97410757,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"2","first_page":"111","last_page":"116"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.923799991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.923799991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11252","display_name":"Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation","score":0.043800000101327896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12892","display_name":"Social Power and Status Dynamics","score":0.009999999776482582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-dilemmas","display_name":"social dilemmas","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cooperation","display_name":"cooperation","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/defection","display_name":"defection","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-identity","display_name":"social identity","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-group-favoritism","display_name":"in-group favoritism","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intergroup-conflict","display_name":"intergroup conflict","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prosocial-behavior","display_name":"prosocial behavior","score":0.5350000262260437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187206662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55607920","display_name":"Social dilemma","level":2,"score":0.8502312302589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.8026320934295654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169087156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2131593","display_name":"Framing (construction)","level":2,"score":0.7597119808197021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.7352905869483948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98447023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540351","display_name":"Social identity theory","level":3,"score":0.6999014019966125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778496695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254128","display_name":"Dilemma","level":2,"score":0.6804354190826416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180872759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q874405","display_name":"Social group","level":2,"score":0.4846232831478119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151915780","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5146163","display_name":"Collective identity","level":3,"score":0.48155906796455383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.45142924785614014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.21052497625350952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.07150810956954956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.05840250849723816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/002075900399402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/002075900399402","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/002075900399402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S53056752","display_name":"International Journal of Psychology","issn_l":"0020-7594","issn":["0020-7594","1464-066X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","erih-plus","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W600837851","https://openalex.org/W630727849","https://openalex.org/W1625904329","https://openalex.org/W2008802870","https://openalex.org/W2065359416","https://openalex.org/W2069614376","https://openalex.org/W2076978897","https://openalex.org/W2102623639","https://openalex.org/W2143949373","https://openalex.org/W2145273396","https://openalex.org/W2226396244","https://openalex.org/W3217101547","https://openalex.org/W4252488326","https://openalex.org/W4414064306","https://openalex.org/W6804369568"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2052033013","https://openalex.org/W4388257064","https://openalex.org/W1973038188","https://openalex.org/W2108554020","https://openalex.org/W7097535464","https://openalex.org/W2064755944","https://openalex.org/W2032336910","https://openalex.org/W2338029361","https://openalex.org/W849610103","https://openalex.org/W2155139019"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"social":[1,32,52],"dilemma":[2],"situations,":[3],"each":[4],"individual":[5],"always":[6],"receives":[7],"a":[8],"higher":[9],"payoff":[10],"for":[11,14,63],"defecting":[12],"than":[13,24,40],"cooperating,":[15],"but":[16],"all":[17,22,26],"are":[18,76],"better":[19],"off":[20],"if":[21,25],"cooperate":[23],"defect.":[27],"Often,":[28],"however,":[29],"people":[30],"in":[31,57],"dilemmas":[33],"attend":[34],"more":[35],"to":[36,41,47,91],"the":[37,64,78,82],"group's":[38],"payoffs":[39],"their":[42],"own,":[43],"either":[44],"automatically":[45],"or":[46],"behave":[48],"\u201cappropriately.\u201d":[49],"But":[50],"whereas":[51],"identity":[53,88],"elicits":[54],"cooperative":[55],"behaviour":[56,74],"dilemmas,":[58],"it":[59],"is":[60,89],"generally":[61],"only":[62],"benefit":[65],"of":[66,86],"an":[67],"\u201cin\u2010group.\u201d":[68],"Dilemmas":[69],"between":[70],"groups":[71],"(requiring":[72],"self\u2010sacrificial":[73],"within)":[75],"often":[77],"most":[79],"extreme.":[80],"Consequently,":[81],"framing":[83],"and":[84],"manipulation":[85],"group":[87],"critical":[90],"cooperation":[92],"rate":[93],"as":[94],"demonstrated":[95],"by":[96],"careful":[97],"laboratory":[98],"experimentation.":[99]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":17}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}