{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4240125158","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-102295-5.10090-3","title":"Intermediate Technology","display_name":"Intermediate Technology","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4240125158","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-102295-5.10090-3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102295-5.10090-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-102295-5.10090-3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-102295-5.10090-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463230","display_name":"Elsevier eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Encyclopedia of Human Geography","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W6921828452","display_name":"International Encyclopedia of Human Geography"},"type":"reference-entry","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111428812","display_name":"Michael J. G. Parnwell","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael Parnwell","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111428812"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"365","last_page":"371"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12786","display_name":"Innovation and Socioeconomic Development","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1403","display_name":"Business and International Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12786","display_name":"Innovation and Socioeconomic Development","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1403","display_name":"Business and International Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13498","display_name":"Economic Development and Digital Transformation","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14389","display_name":"Innovation, Technology, and Society","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/appropriate-technology","display_name":"appropriate technology","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/e-f-schumacher","display_name":"E. F. Schumacher","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-development","display_name":"economic development","score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/localized-production","display_name":"localized production","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mahatma-gandhi","display_name":"Mahatma Gandhi","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cookstoves","display_name":"cooking stoves","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomass-consumption","display_name":"biomass consumption","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technology-transfer","display_name":"technology transfer","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technology-gap","display_name":"technology gap","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technological-leapfrogging","display_name":"leapfrogging","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaics","display_name":"photovoltaics","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underdevelopment","display_name":"underdevelopment","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/southeast-asia","display_name":"Southeast Asia","score":0.47200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-crisis","display_name":"environmental crisis","score":0.5139999985694885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779816654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q493754","display_name":"Leapfrogging","level":2,"score":0.7818406820297241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32561294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476047","display_name":"Underdevelopment","level":2,"score":0.5325931906700134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3987366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6658164","display_name":"Livelihood","level":3,"score":0.4184202551841736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3901662826538086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.3724263310432434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3256811797618866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2547316253185272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.14494213461875916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.09860661625862122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102295-5.10090-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-102295-5.10090-3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-102295-5.10090-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463230","display_name":"Elsevier eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Encyclopedia of Human Geography","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W71646945","https://openalex.org/W1494474834","https://openalex.org/W1604942382","https://openalex.org/W1986837946","https://openalex.org/W2019977515","https://openalex.org/W2045971280","https://openalex.org/W2089676641","https://openalex.org/W2131342801","https://openalex.org/W2605733548","https://openalex.org/W2801071081","https://openalex.org/W2901832421"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7100919546","https://openalex.org/W2979509477","https://openalex.org/W2906902845","https://openalex.org/W2488837803","https://openalex.org/W2979992451","https://openalex.org/W2333271403","https://openalex.org/W2294273155","https://openalex.org/W1494154670","https://openalex.org/W4307488054","https://openalex.org/W4253566640"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}