{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4240109014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786432797.00008","title":"Opening the ivory tower\u2019s door: An analysis of the determinants of the formation of U.S. university spin-off companies","display_name":"Opening the ivory tower\u2019s door: An analysis of the determinants of the formation of U.S. university spin-off companies","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4240109014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786432797.00008"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4337/9781786432797.00008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786432797.00008","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786432797.00008","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463223","display_name":"Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320353","host_organization_name":"Edward Elgar Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Edward Elgar Publishing"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Universities and the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2737756779","display_name":"Universities and the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019148905","display_name":"Albert N. Link","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5559-9127","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5559-9127"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Albert N. Link","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034422393","display_name":"John Thomas Scott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4260-0090","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4260-0090"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John T. Scott","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1531,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8513431,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.9545999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.9545999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13276","display_name":"University-Industry-Government Innovation Models","score":0.028200000524520874,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12851","display_name":"Firm Innovation and Growth","score":0.00570000009611249,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-spin-offs","display_name":"university spin-offs","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/university-research-parks","display_name":"university research parks","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technology-transfer","display_name":"technology transfer","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-environment","display_name":"research environment","score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/university-industry-collaboration","display_name":"university-industry collaboration","score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entrepreneurship","display_name":"entrepreneurship","score":0.35100001096725464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779023502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396569","display_name":"Ivory tower","level":2,"score":0.9224892258644104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777831296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12518","display_name":"Tower","level":2,"score":0.627382218837738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42704618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910917","display_name":"Spin (aerodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.4543572664260864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.36336779594421387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3446803689002991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.32308429479599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.32225412130355835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2801624536514282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.23922261595726013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.14570480585098267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1201101541519165}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4337/9781786432797.00008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786432797.00008","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786432797.00008","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463223","display_name":"Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320353","host_organization_name":"Edward Elgar Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Edward Elgar Publishing"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Universities and the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2200916374","https://openalex.org/W817188452","https://openalex.org/W2365498448","https://openalex.org/W58091042","https://openalex.org/W1950633643","https://openalex.org/W2041527850","https://openalex.org/W2170134239","https://openalex.org/W3132140915","https://openalex.org/W1882676139","https://openalex.org/W1565541479"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"findings":[3],"from":[4],"an":[5],"analysis":[6],"of":[7,10,13],"the":[8,11,18],"determinants":[9],"formation":[12],"university":[14,25,43],"spin-off":[15,26],"companies":[16,27],"within":[17],"university's":[19],"research":[20,44],"park.":[21],"We":[22],"find":[23],"that":[24,38],"are":[28,39],"a":[29],"greater":[30],"proportion":[31],"in":[32,36],"older":[33],"parks":[34,37],"and":[35],"associated":[40],"with":[41],"richer":[42],"environments.":[45]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}
