{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4239880768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4089948","title":"Observational Learning in Hummingbirds","display_name":"Observational Learning in Hummingbirds","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4239880768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4089948"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/4089948","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4089948","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4089948","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S152904045","display_name":"The Auk","issn_l":"0004-8038","issn":["0004-8038","1938-4254"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Auk","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066240238","display_name":"Douglas L. Altshuler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1364-3617","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1364-3617"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Douglas L. Altshuler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066240238"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3916,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69409767,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"118","issue":"3","first_page":"795","last_page":"799"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10089","display_name":"Avian ecology and behavior","score":0.6851000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10089","display_name":"Avian ecology and behavior","score":0.6851000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10174","display_name":"Animal Behavior and Reproduction","score":0.15219999849796295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11665","display_name":"Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior","score":0.09600000083446503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1309","display_name":"Developmental Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observational-learning","display_name":"observational learning","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hummingbirds","display_name":"hummingbirds","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nectar-feeding","display_name":"nectar feeding","score":0.5529999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-feeders","display_name":"artificial feeders","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ruby-throated-hummingbird","display_name":"Ruby-throated Hummingbird","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/broad-tailed-hummingbird","display_name":"Broad-tailed Hummingbird","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rufous-hummingbird","display_name":"Rufous hummingbird","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foraging-behavior","display_name":"foraging behavior","score":0.6869999766349792}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137793583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171934","display_name":"Nectar","level":3,"score":0.8054159879684448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779370140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13377214","display_name":"Forage","level":2,"score":0.6626316905021667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778371403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7672049","display_name":"TUTOR","level":2,"score":0.4752744734287262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.45495525002479553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90856448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431","display_name":"Zoology","level":1,"score":0.43796786665916443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.34380269050598145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.23546308279037476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780618852","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79932","display_name":"Pollen","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/4089948","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4089948","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4089948","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S152904045","display_name":"The Auk","issn_l":"0004-8038","issn":["0004-8038","1938-4254"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Auk","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.6164000034332275}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8119797420","display_name":"Limits to Hummingbird Flight Performance: Ecological and Comparative Perspectives","funder_award_id":"9817138","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W575088532","https://openalex.org/W601717220","https://openalex.org/W1967658868","https://openalex.org/W1984096688","https://openalex.org/W1984495222","https://openalex.org/W2003546052","https://openalex.org/W2036189833","https://openalex.org/W2036215460","https://openalex.org/W2051285591","https://openalex.org/W2067412391","https://openalex.org/W2075970290","https://openalex.org/W2087220024","https://openalex.org/W2109445099","https://openalex.org/W2147389594","https://openalex.org/W2795451922","https://openalex.org/W4254740508","https://openalex.org/W4399407954"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2077695310","https://openalex.org/W2072037172","https://openalex.org/W1976630142","https://openalex.org/W2109469466","https://openalex.org/W2085465164","https://openalex.org/W2947007034","https://openalex.org/W2029600161","https://openalex.org/W2805756107","https://openalex.org/W2127282893","https://openalex.org/W1537114337"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Migratory":[0],"hummingbirds":[1,15,38,54,84,139],"forage":[2],"on":[3],"diverse":[4],"assemblages":[5],"of":[6,27,46,61,93,157],"flowers":[7,20],"varying":[8],"in":[9,41,65,105,145],"shape,":[10],"color,":[11],"and":[12,34,72,111,137],"accessibility.":[13],"Do":[14],"learn":[16,99],"to":[17,56,86,100,126,141,169],"feed":[18,57,87,101,127,142],"from":[19,58,88],"by":[21,117],"observing":[22],"other":[23],"hummingbirds?":[24],"Learning":[25],"abilities":[26],"Ruby-throated":[28],"(Archilochus":[29],"colubris),":[30],"Broad-tailed":[31],"(Selasphorus":[32],"platycercus),":[33],"Rufous":[35],"(S.":[36],"rufus)":[37],"were":[39,73,109],"studied":[40],"the":[42,66,77,89,106,112,146,150,154],"presence":[43],"or":[44],"absence":[45],"a":[47,118,159],"knowledgeable":[48],"tutor.":[49],"In":[50,80],"two":[51],"sequential":[52],"trials":[53],"learned":[55,125,140],"artificial":[59,90,120],"feeders":[60],"increasing":[62],"complexity.":[63],"Feeders":[64,104],"first":[67],"trial":[68,108,148],"had":[69],"easy":[70],"access":[71,170],"colored":[74],"red":[75],"at":[76],"nectar":[78,113],"spout.":[79],"this":[81],"initial":[82,155],"trial,":[83],"attempted":[85],"feeder":[91],"regardless":[92],"tutor":[94],"presence,":[95],"but":[96],"tutored":[97,138],"birds":[98,123],"more":[102,128,143,164],"quickly.":[103],"second":[107,147],"uncolored":[110],"spout":[114],"was":[115],"surrounded":[116],"long":[119],"corolla.":[121],"Tutored":[122],"again":[124],"quickly":[129,144],"than":[130,149,166],"their":[131],"solitary":[132],"counterparts.":[133],"However,":[134],"both":[135],"untutored":[136],"first,":[151],"suggesting":[152],"that":[153],"task":[156],"identifying":[158],"novel":[160],"feeding":[161],"resource":[162],"is":[163],"difficult":[165],"learning":[167],"how":[168],"an":[171],"identified":[172],"resource.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}
