{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4237843922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/390009.804464","title":"Constraints","display_name":"Constraints","publication_year":1979,"publication_date":"1979-05-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4237843922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/390009.804464"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/390009.804464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/390009.804464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/390009.804464","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/390009.804464","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210186172","display_name":"ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad","issn_l":"0163-6006","issn":["0163-6006","1558-3392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/390009.804464","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072653508","display_name":"Guy Lewis Steele","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1421-3811","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1421-3811"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guy Lewis Steele","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 545 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 545 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004435962","display_name":"Gerald Jay Sussman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerald Jay Sussman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 545 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 545 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"4-P1","first_page":"208","last_page":"225"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11596","display_name":"Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization","score":0.43140000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11596","display_name":"Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization","score":0.43140000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.426800012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.026000000536441803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint-networks","display_name":"constraint networks","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint-propagation","display_name":"constraint propagation","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependence-analysis","display_name":"dependency analysis","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symbolic-computation","display_name":"symbolic computation","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algebraic-expressions","display_name":"algebraic expressions","score":0.9509999752044678}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.7928537130355835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7110687494277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6904981136322021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6551166772842407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.5910491943359375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9376300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168817","display_name":"Algebraic number","level":2,"score":0.44210341572761536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137105694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3407510","display_name":"Local consistency","level":4,"score":0.4344015419483185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.368344247341156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3384985625743866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44616089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30158686","display_name":"Constraint satisfaction","level":3,"score":0.3345831036567688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3119213581085205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21424251794815063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/390009.804464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/390009.804464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/390009.804464","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/390009.804464","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210186172","display_name":"ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad","issn_l":"0163-6006","issn":["0163-6006","1558-3392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/390009.804464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/390009.804464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/390009.804464","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/390009.804464","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210186172","display_name":"ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad","issn_l":"0163-6006","issn":["0163-6006","1558-3392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7380957958","display_name":"Engineering Problem Solving Project","funder_award_id":"7704828","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309369","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4237843922.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4237843922.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W57206305","https://openalex.org/W832635820","https://openalex.org/W1511850131","https://openalex.org/W1557428995","https://openalex.org/W1574624514","https://openalex.org/W1989483184","https://openalex.org/W2028130726","https://openalex.org/W2038118137","https://openalex.org/W2099013355","https://openalex.org/W6923786857"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099877290","https://openalex.org/W2033755422","https://openalex.org/W7097052564","https://openalex.org/W2586485739","https://openalex.org/W2159787211","https://openalex.org/W600230690","https://openalex.org/W1594136947","https://openalex.org/W6990073058","https://openalex.org/W7099398143","https://openalex.org/W1506663598"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,17,25],"present":[1],"an":[2],"interactive":[3],"system":[4],"organized":[5],"around":[6],"networks":[7],"of":[8,21,29,33,36,53,58,88],"constraints":[9,37,59],"rather":[10],"than":[11],"the":[12,68,89,95],"programs":[13],"which":[14,38],"manipulate":[15],"them.":[16],"describe":[18,26],"a":[19,34,54],"language":[20],"hierarchical":[22],"constraint":[23,55,90],"networks.":[24],"one":[27],"method":[28],"deriving":[30],"useful":[31,64],"consequences":[32],"set":[35],"we":[39],"call":[40],"propagation.":[41],"Dependency":[42],"analysis":[43],"is":[44,60],"used":[45],"to":[46,70],"spot":[47],"and":[48,63],"track":[49],"down":[50],"inconsistent":[51],"subsets":[52],"set.":[56],"Propagation":[57],"most":[61],"flexible":[62],"when":[65],"coupled":[66],"with":[67],"ability":[69],"perform":[71],"symbolic":[72],"manipulations":[73,78],"on":[74],"algebraic":[75],"expressions.":[76],"Such":[77],"are":[79],"in":[80],"turn":[81],"best":[82],"expressed":[83],"as":[84],"alterations":[85],"or":[86],"augmentations":[87],"network.":[91],"Numerous":[92],"diagrams":[93],"ornament":[94],"text.":[96]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}