{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4237740705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/cleo_si.2019.sm1f.3","title":"Optical Atomic Clocks: From International Timekeeping to Gravity Potential Measurement","display_name":"Optical Atomic Clocks: From International Timekeeping to Gravity Potential Measurement","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4237740705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/cleo_si.2019.sm1f.3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1364/cleo_si.2019.sm1f.3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/cleo_si.2019.sm1f.3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/cleo_si.2019.sm1f.3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306418073","display_name":"Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065490379","display_name":"Helen S. Margolis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8991-3855","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8991-3855"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134421475","display_name":"National Physical Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/015w2mp89","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Helen S. Margolis","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044188094","display_name":"Heiner Denker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9112-1729","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9112-1729"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114112103","display_name":"Leibniz University Hannover","ror":"https://ror.org/0304hq317","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heiner Denker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut f\u00fcr Erdmessung, Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover, Hannover, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Erdmessung, Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover, Hannover, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018565264","display_name":"Christian Voigt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9988-965X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9988-965X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114112103","display_name":"Leibniz University Hannover","ror":"https://ror.org/0304hq317","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152878","display_name":"GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8jg394","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I4210152878"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Voigt","raw_affiliation_strings":["GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany","Institut f\u00fcr Erdmessung, Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover, Hannover, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152878"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Erdmessung, Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover, Hannover, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031838877","display_name":"Ludger Timmen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2334-5282","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2334-5282"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114112103","display_name":"Leibniz University Hannover","ror":"https://ror.org/0304hq317","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ludger Timmen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut f\u00fcr Erdmessung, Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover, Hannover, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Erdmessung, Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover, Hannover, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023904302","display_name":"Jacopo Grotti","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285933455","display_name":"Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt","ror":"https://ror.org/05r3f7h03","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285933455","https://openalex.org/I4210136623"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacopo Grotti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285933455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105126058","display_name":"Silvio Koller","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285933455","display_name":"Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt","ror":"https://ror.org/05r3f7h03","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285933455","https://openalex.org/I4210136623"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Silvio Koller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285933455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Stefan Vogt","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285933455","display_name":"Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt","ror":"https://ror.org/05r3f7h03","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285933455","https://openalex.org/I4210136623"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Vogt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285933455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sebastian H\u00e4fner","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285933455","display_name":"Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt","ror":"https://ror.org/05r3f7h03","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285933455","https://openalex.org/I4210136623"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian H\u00e4fner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285933455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061191199","display_name":"Uwe Sterr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5661-769X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5661-769X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285933455","display_name":"Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt","ror":"https://ror.org/05r3f7h03","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285933455","https://openalex.org/I4210136623"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Uwe Sterr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285933455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007647469","display_name":"Christian Lisdat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4705-8854","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4705-8854"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285933455","display_name":"Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt","ror":"https://ror.org/05r3f7h03","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285933455","https://openalex.org/I4210136623"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Lisdat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285933455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029552254","display_name":"Antoine Rolland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3214-0062","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3214-0062"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134421475","display_name":"National Physical Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/015w2mp89","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antoine Rolland","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074395051","display_name":"Fred N. Baynes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0625-5499","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0625-5499"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134421475","display_name":"National Physical Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/015w2mp89","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fred N. Baynes","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031454491","display_name":"Michel Zampaolo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5187-7211","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5187-7211"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michel Zampaolo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane, Carr\u00e9 Sciences, Modane, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane, Carr\u00e9 Sciences, Modane, France","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012321590","display_name":"Pierre Thoumany","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0470-0480","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0470-0480"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136559","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica","ror":"https://ror.org/03vn1bh77","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104593","https://openalex.org/I4210136559","https://openalex.org/I4392021227"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pierre Thoumany","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Physical Metrology Division, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Physical Metrology Division, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136559"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014003085","display_name":"Marco Pizzocaro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2353-362X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2353-362X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136559","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica","ror":"https://ror.org/03vn1bh77","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104593","https://openalex.org/I4210136559","https://openalex.org/I4392021227"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Pizzocaro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Physical Metrology Division, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Physical Metrology Division, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136559"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040488246","display_name":"Benjamin Rauf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9934-5022","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9934-5022"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Politecnico di Torino","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136559","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica","ror":"https://ror.org/03vn1bh77","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104593","https://openalex.org/I4210136559","https://openalex.org/I4392021227"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Rauf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Physical Metrology Division, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Physical Metrology Division, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136559"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064932128","display_name":"Filippo Bregolin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0082-3897","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0082-3897"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Politecnico di Torino","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136559","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica","ror":"https://ror.org/03vn1bh77","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104593","https://openalex.org/I4210136559","https://openalex.org/I4392021227"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Filippo Bregolin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Physical Metrology Division, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Physical Metrology Division, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136559"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085631378","display_name":"Anna Tampellini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7134-6020","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7134-6020"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Politecnico di Torino","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136559","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica","ror":"https://ror.org/03vn1bh77","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104593","https://openalex.org/I4210136559","https://openalex.org/I4392021227"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Tampellini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Physical Metrology Division, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Physical Metrology Division, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136559"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039440016","display_name":"Piero Barbieri","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Politecnico di Torino","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136559","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica","ror":"https://ror.org/03vn1bh77","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104593","https://openalex.org/I4210136559","https://openalex.org/I4392021227"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Piero Barbieri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Physical Metrology Division, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Physical Metrology Division, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136559"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022991222","display_name":"Massimo E. Zucco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3187-6852","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3187-6852"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136559","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica","ror":"https://ror.org/03vn1bh77","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104593","https://openalex.org/I4210136559","https://openalex.org/I4392021227"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Massimo Zucco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Physical Metrology Division, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Physical Metrology Division, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136559"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023948971","display_name":"Giovanni Antonio Costanzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7474-0349","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7474-0349"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Politecnico di Torino","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136559","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica","ror":"https://ror.org/03vn1bh77","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104593","https://openalex.org/I4210136559","https://openalex.org/I4392021227"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni A. Costanzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Physical Metrology Division, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Physical Metrology Division, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136559"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055029604","display_name":"Cecilia Clivati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7289-6403","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7289-6403"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136559","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica","ror":"https://ror.org/03vn1bh77","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104593","https://openalex.org/I4210136559","https://openalex.org/I4392021227"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cecilia Clivati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Physical Metrology Division, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Physical Metrology Division, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136559"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072151059","display_name":"Filippo Levi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0206-9082","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0206-9082"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136559","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica","ror":"https://ror.org/03vn1bh77","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104593","https://openalex.org/I4210136559","https://openalex.org/I4392021227"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Filippo Levi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Physical Metrology Division, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Physical Metrology Division, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136559"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057459972","display_name":"Davide Calonico","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0345-859X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0345-859X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136559","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica","ror":"https://ror.org/03vn1bh77","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104593","https://openalex.org/I4210136559","https://openalex.org/I4392021227"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Davide Calonico","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Physical Metrology Division, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Physical Metrology Division, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136559"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"564","issue":null,"first_page":"SM1F.3","last_page":"SM1F.3"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11960","display_name":"Relativity and Gravitational Theory","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-atomic-clocks","display_name":"optical atomic clocks","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-comparison","display_name":"clock comparison","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timekeeping","display_name":"timekeeping","score":0.5899999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196597080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q227467","display_name":"Atomic clock","level":2,"score":0.8269062638282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.524009108543396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139974479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q499964","display_name":"Gravimeter","level":3,"score":0.5094910264015198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.44894692301750183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775929963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245987","display_name":"Atom optics","level":2,"score":0.4361923336982727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.24529609084129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166689943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850283","display_name":"Interferometry","level":2,"score":0.2028731405735016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.15603142976760864}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1364/cleo_si.2019.sm1f.3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/cleo_si.2019.sm1f.3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/cleo_si.2019.sm1f.3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306418073","display_name":"Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digital.library.adelaide.edu.au:2440/128220","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2440/128220","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401835","display_name":"Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","host_organization_name":"The University of Adelaide","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://www.osapublishing.org/conference.cfm?meetingid=124&yr=2019","raw_type":"Conference paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de:item_4812895","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de/pubman/item/item_4812895","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401313","display_name":"Publication Database GFZ (GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210152878","host_organization_name":"GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152878"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:gfzpublic.gfz.de:item_4812895","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://gfzpublic.gfz.de/pubman/item/item_4812895","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401313","display_name":"Publication Database GFZ (GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210152878","host_organization_name":"GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152878"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.inrim.it:11696/66006","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11696/66006","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400708","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (IRIS Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","host_organization_name":"University of Michigan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.polito.it:11583/2759856","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2759856","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055329","display_name":"PORTO@Iris","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2233029113","https://openalex.org/W2523316020","https://openalex.org/W2550945988","https://openalex.org/W2612253094","https://openalex.org/W2773728726","https://openalex.org/W2902127691"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4254425466","https://openalex.org/W2550945988","https://openalex.org/W2992739905","https://openalex.org/W2811021715","https://openalex.org/W7079489419","https://openalex.org/W2902127691","https://openalex.org/W3111618747","https://openalex.org/W2023494863","https://openalex.org/W3163760796","https://openalex.org/W2312376300"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"discuss":[1],"the":[2,26],"relation":[3],"between":[4],"atomic":[5],"clocks":[6],"and":[7,19],"gravity":[8,12,29],"from":[9],"two":[10],"perspectives:":[11],"potential":[13,30],"measurements":[14],"for":[15],"optical":[16,33],"clock":[17],"comparisons":[18],"contributions":[20],"to":[21],"international":[22],"timescales":[23],"and,":[24],"conversely,":[25],"measurement":[27],"of":[28],"differences":[31],"using":[32],"clocks.":[34]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}