{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4237645003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/590129","title":"Weathering Corruption","display_name":"Weathering Corruption","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4237645003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/590129"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/590129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/590129","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/590129","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S998097505","display_name":"The Journal of Law and Economics","issn_l":"0022-2186","issn":["0022-2186","1537-5285"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Law and Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035477613","display_name":"Peter T. Leeson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter\u00a0T. Leeson","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025616617","display_name":"Russell S. Sobel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6820-5414","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6820-5414"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12097938","display_name":"West Virginia University","ror":"https://ror.org/011vxgd24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Russell\u00a0S. Sobel","raw_affiliation_strings":["West Virginia University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"West Virginia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":18.5166,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":142,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98878575,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"51","issue":"4","first_page":"667","last_page":"681"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11042","display_name":"Corruption and Economic Development","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11042","display_name":"Corruption and Economic Development","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11823","display_name":"Natural Resources and Economic Development","score":0.0035000001080334187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-corruption","display_name":"public corruption","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-disasters","display_name":"natural disasters","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disaster-relief","display_name":"disaster relief","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fema","display_name":"FEMA","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-windfalls","display_name":"resource windfalls","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-level-corruption","display_name":"state-level corruption","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disaster-vulnerability","display_name":"disaster vulnerability","score":0.3540000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gulf-coast","display_name":"Gulf Coast","score":0.4560000002384186}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780027415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q524648","display_name":"Language change","level":2,"score":0.7801113128662109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776931063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781738","display_name":"Appropriation","level":2,"score":0.7207835912704468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.700202226638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62555980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1460420","display_name":"Emergency management","level":2,"score":0.6240935325622559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166566181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8065","display_name":"Natural disaster","level":2,"score":0.5902674794197083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5078170895576477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.48954281210899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29985473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188460","display_name":"Natural resource","level":2,"score":0.46242469549179077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127598652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558635","display_name":"Per capita","level":3,"score":0.45255082845687866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.4058685898780823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.35936108231544495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.33191123604774475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2611064016819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1653493344783783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.15785691142082214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.07703733444213867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/590129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/590129","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/590129","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S998097505","display_name":"The Journal of Law and Economics","issn_l":"0022-2186","issn":["0022-2186","1537-5285"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Law and Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:wvu:wpaper:06-07","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://be.wvu.edu/phd_economics/pdf/06-07.pdf","pdf_url":"http://be.wvu.edu/phd_economics/pdf/06-07.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.372.8632","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.372.8632","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.peterleeson.com/Weathering_Corruption.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:chicagounbound.uchicago.edu:jle-2226","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/jle/vol51/iss4/4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064349","display_name":"bepress Legal Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Law and Economics","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9595999717712402,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.7400000095367432,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978244399","https://openalex.org/W1990186700","https://openalex.org/W2021969756","https://openalex.org/W2081807099","https://openalex.org/W2131600854","https://openalex.org/W3124862953"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W306891879","https://openalex.org/W7065462562","https://openalex.org/W3200300540","https://openalex.org/W3199568633","https://openalex.org/W3122745649","https://openalex.org/W7100112730","https://openalex.org/W4394892882","https://openalex.org/W2246283846","https://openalex.org/W7168271608","https://openalex.org/W2463431680"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Could":[0],"bad":[1],"weather":[2],"be":[3],"responsible":[4],"for":[5,35],"U.S.":[6],"corruption?":[7],"Natural":[8],"disasters":[9,110],"create":[10],"resource":[11],"windfalls":[12,39],"in":[13,76,104],"the":[14,26,50,57,80,95,100],"states":[15],"they":[16],"strike":[17,112],"by":[18,48,56,84],"triggering":[19],"federally":[20],"provided":[21,55],"natural\u2010disaster":[22],"relief.":[23],"By":[24],"increasing":[25],"benefit":[27],"of":[28,52,94],"fraudulent":[29],"appropriation":[30],"and":[31],"creating":[32],"new":[33],"opportunities":[34],"such":[36,98],"theft,":[37],"disaster\u2010relief":[38],"may":[40],"also":[41],"increase":[42],"corruption.":[43,65],"We":[44],"investigate":[45],"this":[46],"hypothesis":[47],"exploring":[49],"effect":[51],"disaster":[53,117],"relief":[54,78],"Federal":[58],"Emergency":[59],"Management":[60],"Agency":[61],"(FEMA)":[62],"on":[63],"public":[64],"The":[66],"results":[67],"support":[68],"our":[69],"hypothesis.":[70],"Each":[71],"additional":[72],"$100":[73],"per":[74],"capita":[75],"FEMA":[77],"increases":[79],"average":[81],"state\u2019s":[82],"corruption":[83],"nearly":[85],"102":[86],"percent.":[87],"Our":[88],"findings":[89],"suggest":[90],"notoriously":[91,106],"corrupt":[92,107],"regions":[93],"United":[96],"States,":[97],"as":[99],"Gulf":[101],"Coast,":[102],"are":[103],"part":[105],"because":[108],"natural":[109],"frequently":[111],"them.":[113],"They":[114],"attract":[115],"more":[116,122],"relief,":[118],"which":[119],"makes":[120],"them":[121],"corrupt.":[123]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}