{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4236763995","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0075","title":"Deterrence","display_name":"Deterrence","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-05-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4236763995","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0075"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0075","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0075","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0075","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363606319","display_name":"Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences","raw_type":"other"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2884617417","display_name":"Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences"},"type":"other","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025800319","display_name":"Robert J. Apel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6235-2333","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6235-2333"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Apel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090183461","display_name":"Daniel S. Nagin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0075-1851","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0075-1851"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel S. Nagin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":0.49320000410079956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":0.49320000410079956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.12929999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.12319999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deterrence","display_name":"deterrence","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-presence","display_name":"police presence","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incarceration","display_name":"incarceration","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prison-sentence","display_name":"prison sentence","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/punishment","display_name":"punishment","score":0.4519999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crime-deterrence","display_name":"crime deterrence","score":0.5329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-deployment","display_name":"police deployment","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/short-prison-sentences","display_name":"short prison sentences","score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deterrence-policy","display_name":"deterrence policy","score":0.6700000166893005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780982575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332142","display_name":"Deterrence (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.8993090391159058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778770431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841236","display_name":"Imprisonment","level":2,"score":0.8665488362312317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779295839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3544090","display_name":"Punishment (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.8258469104766846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780656516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40357","display_name":"Prison","level":2,"score":0.7470746636390686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.6778435707092285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60643870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1949683","display_name":"Deterrence theory","level":2,"score":0.5836281776428223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5188763737678528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.4186103343963623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3936920762062073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3554612994194031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.27859362959861755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1422102153301239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13211950659751892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0075","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0075","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0075","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363606319","display_name":"Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences","raw_type":"other"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W562583685","https://openalex.org/W590956436","https://openalex.org/W617440698","https://openalex.org/W624401662","https://openalex.org/W1920792732","https://openalex.org/W1953003330","https://openalex.org/W2112885947","https://openalex.org/W2134904490","https://openalex.org/W2145552542","https://openalex.org/W2156606002","https://openalex.org/W2596550655","https://openalex.org/W2908527978","https://openalex.org/W3124966847","https://openalex.org/W3125292224","https://openalex.org/W4230632137"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W258222481","https://openalex.org/W6960078966","https://openalex.org/W2592281398","https://openalex.org/W6940936379","https://openalex.org/W2053855751","https://openalex.org/W4387700215","https://openalex.org/W3185733521","https://openalex.org/W2623362371","https://openalex.org/W1999500784","https://openalex.org/W2294434148"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"essay":[2],"reviews":[3],"the":[4,7,40,73,76,90],"evidence":[5,34],"on":[6],"deterrent":[8,36,41,55,91],"effect":[9,42,92],"of":[10,15,35,39,43,72,75,80,84,93],"police":[11,18,25],"and":[12,67,78,88,97],"imprisonment.":[13],"Studies":[14,38],"changes":[16,23],"in":[17,24,28,45],"presences,":[19],"whether":[20],"achieved":[21],"by":[22],"numbers":[26],"or":[27],"their":[29],"strategic":[30],"deployment,":[31],"consistently":[32],"find":[33,50],"effects.":[37],"increases":[44],"already":[46],"long":[47],"prison":[48,95],"sentences":[49],"at":[51],"most":[52],"a":[53],"modest":[54],"effect.":[56],"Three":[57],"high":[58,99],"priority":[59],"areas":[60],"for":[61],"future":[62],"research":[63],"are":[64],"identified:":[65],"developing":[66,87],"testing":[68],"an":[69],"integrated":[70],"model":[71],"effects":[74],"threat":[77],"experience":[79],"punishment,":[81],"measuring":[82],"perceptions":[83],"sanction":[85],"regimes,":[86],"estimating":[89],"shorter":[94],"sentences,":[96],"identifying":[98],"deterrence":[100],"policies.":[101]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}