{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4236402467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3481119","title":"Legal Implications of Network Economic Effects","display_name":"Legal Implications of Network Economic Effects","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4236402467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3481119"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/3481119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3481119","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3481119","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S172107878","display_name":"California Law Review","issn_l":"0008-1221","issn":["0008-1221","1942-6542"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316106","host_organization_name":"UC Berkeley School of Law","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316106","https://openalex.org/P4310316198"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["UC Berkeley School of Law","University of California, Berkeley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"California Law Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088186426","display_name":"Mark A. Lemley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2944-0582","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2944-0582"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16452829","display_name":"The University of Texas System","ror":"https://ror.org/01gek1696","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16452829"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark A. Lemley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Assistant Professor, University of Texas School of Law; of counsel,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assistant Professor, University of Texas School of Law; of counsel,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16452829"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087010002","display_name":"David McGowan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6695-5745","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6695-5745"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164389053","display_name":"Fordham University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qnxaf80","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164389053"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David McGowan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boalt Hall School of Law, University of California at Berkeley, the Chicago-Kent School of Law, the","Boalt Hall School of Law, University of California at Berkeley","Fordham University School of Law, the Harvard Law School, the","University of Michigan Law School, and the Northwestern University School","the California Law Review, Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boalt Hall School of Law, University of California at Berkeley, the Chicago-Kent School of Law, the","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boalt Hall School of Law, University of California at Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fordham University School of Law, the Harvard Law School, the","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I164389053"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan Law School, and the Northwestern University School","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921","https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"the California Law Review, Inc","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.4944,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":121,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98424814,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"86","issue":"3","first_page":"479","last_page":"479"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11437","display_name":"Digital Platforms and Economics","score":0.8690999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11437","display_name":"Digital Platforms and Economics","score":0.8690999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13138","display_name":"Legal and Constitutional Studies","score":0.07779999822378159,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11043","display_name":"Merger and Competition Analysis","score":0.017000000923871994,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-effects","display_name":"network effects","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition-law","display_name":"competition law","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectual-property-law","display_name":"intellectual property law","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-law","display_name":"telecommunications law","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-law","display_name":"internet law","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-law","display_name":"corporate law","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contract-law","display_name":"contract law","score":0.9950000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.47585126757621765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.33711469173431396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2741103172302246}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/3481119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3481119","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3481119","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S172107878","display_name":"California Law Review","issn_l":"0008-1221","issn":["0008-1221","1942-6542"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316106","host_organization_name":"UC Berkeley School of Law","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316106","https://openalex.org/P4310316198"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["UC Berkeley School of Law","University of California, Berkeley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"California Law Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.47620001435279846}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1935477596","https://openalex.org/W2018650603","https://openalex.org/W2800509454"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2373311719","https://openalex.org/W2394310847","https://openalex.org/W4372015235","https://openalex.org/W2292124564","https://openalex.org/W2350701153","https://openalex.org/W2350237283","https://openalex.org/W2807864979","https://openalex.org/W2385352618","https://openalex.org/W3113067432","https://openalex.org/W7096722629"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Economic":[0],"scholarship":[1],"has":[2],"recently":[3],"focused":[4],"a":[5,28,59,96],"great":[6],"deal":[7],"of":[8,13,39,91,99,119,125,142,155],"attention":[9],"on":[10,27],"the":[11,22,34,36,117,153],"phenomenon":[12],"network":[14,17,40,54,92,103,120,143,156],"externalities,":[15],"or":[16],"effects:":[18],"markets":[19],"in":[20,61,123,130],"which":[21,131],"value":[23],"that":[24,69],"consumers":[25],"place":[26],"good":[29],"increases":[30],"as":[31],"others":[32],"buy":[33],"good.Though":[35],"economic":[37,121,157],"theory":[38,122],"effects":[41,55,104],"is":[42,49],"less":[43],"than":[44],"fifteen":[45],"years":[46],"old,":[47],"and":[48,65,81,106],"still":[50],"not":[51],"thoroughly":[52],"understood,":[53],"are":[56,105],"increasingly":[57],"playing":[58],"role":[60,154],"legal":[62,133],"argument.Judges,":[63],"litigators,":[64],"scholars":[66],"have":[67],"suggested":[68],"antitrust":[70],"law,":[71,74,76,78,80],"intellectual":[72],"property":[73],"telecommunications":[75],"Internet":[77],"corporate":[79],"contract":[82],"law":[83],"need":[84],"to":[85,88,111,139,147],"be":[86],"modified":[87,138],"take":[89,140],"account":[90,141],"effects.Their":[93],"arguments":[94],"reflect":[95],"wide":[97],"range":[98],"views":[100],"about":[101,152],"what":[102],"how":[107],"courts":[108],"should":[109,136],"react":[110],"them.In":[112],"this":[113],"Article,":[114],"we":[115],"explore":[116],"application":[118],"each":[124],"these":[126],"contexts.We":[127],"suggest":[128],"ways":[129],"particular":[132],"rules":[134],"should-and":[135],"not-be":[137],"effects.We":[144],"also":[145],"attempt":[146],"draw":[148],"some":[149],"general":[150],"conclusions":[151],"the-":[158],"*":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-20T09:52:01.089006","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}