{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4234902856","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470015902.a0002877.pub2","title":"Milstein, C\u00e9sar","display_name":"Milstein, C\u00e9sar","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-05-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4234902856","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470015902.a0002877.pub2"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0002877.pub2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470015902.a0002877.pub2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470015902.a0002877.pub2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363604175","display_name":"Encyclopedia of Life Sciences","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Encyclopedia of Life Sciences","raw_type":"other"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1905439276","display_name":"Encyclopedia of Life Sciences"},"type":"reference-entry","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108591334","display_name":"Julius M. Cruse","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29606459","display_name":"University of Mississippi Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/044pcn091","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29606459","https://openalex.org/I4210141039"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julius M Cruse","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29606459"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072416990","display_name":"Robert E. Lewis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3616-2971","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3616-2971","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0177-220X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29606459","display_name":"University of Mississippi Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/044pcn091","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29606459","https://openalex.org/I4210141039"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert E Lewis","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29606459"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29606459"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11016","display_name":"Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies Research","score":0.5952000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11016","display_name":"Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies Research","score":0.5952000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.1914999932050705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14275","display_name":"Historical Medical Research and Treatments","score":0.10939999669790268,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybridoma-technology","display_name":"hybridoma technology","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monoclonal-antibodies","display_name":"monoclonal antibodies","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clonal-selection-theory","display_name":"clonal selection theory","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunoglobulin-light-chains","display_name":"immunoglobulin light chains","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antibody-diversity","display_name":"antibody diversity","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/myeloma-cell-fusion","display_name":"myeloma cell fusion","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine","display_name":"Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine","score":0.7260000109672546}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542903549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422248","display_name":"Monoclonal antibody","level":3,"score":0.7334445714950562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159654299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79460","display_name":"Antibody","level":2,"score":0.6662181615829468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36394416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q949267","display_name":"Immunoglobulin light chain","level":3,"score":0.6651170253753662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143065580","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3285695","display_name":"Mutant","level":3,"score":0.5748369693756104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153911025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7202","display_name":"Molecular biology","level":1,"score":0.5694942474365234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.4674305319786072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81885089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189082","display_name":"Cell culture","level":2,"score":0.43876171112060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780931953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9371","display_name":"Spleen","level":2,"score":0.42865097522735596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.33932310342788696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.22811701893806458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.1450461745262146}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0002877.pub2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470015902.a0002877.pub2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470015902.a0002877.pub2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363604175","display_name":"Encyclopedia of Life Sciences","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Encyclopedia of Life Sciences","raw_type":"other"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W413534319","https://openalex.org/W1494142194","https://openalex.org/W1967302817","https://openalex.org/W1998513670","https://openalex.org/W2030522563","https://openalex.org/W2060082040","https://openalex.org/W2128052395"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1582780931","https://openalex.org/W2023899831","https://openalex.org/W2153137751","https://openalex.org/W3097899646","https://openalex.org/W4251893332","https://openalex.org/W2116735451","https://openalex.org/W4235783487","https://openalex.org/W2044188372","https://openalex.org/W2027874311","https://openalex.org/W2003506067"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"C\u00e9sar":[1],"Milstein":[2,73,103,116],"(1927\u20132002),":[3],"an":[4,81,170],"Argentinian":[5],"molecular":[6],"biologist,":[7],"and":[8,98,117],"Georges":[9],"K\u00f6hler,":[10],"a":[11,56],"German":[12],"immunologist,":[13],"perfected":[14],"the":[15,27,35,38,47,63,66,77,106,132,145,150,157],"technique":[16],"of":[17,37,42,65,70,80,90,135,173],"monoclonal":[18,174],"antibody":[19,43,136,154],"production":[20],"from":[21],"hybridomas,":[22],"for":[23,95],"which":[24],"they":[25],"shared":[26],"Nobel":[28],"Prize":[29],"in":[30,49,51,113,167],"Medicine.":[31],"This":[32],"discovery":[33],"proved":[34],"validity":[36],"clonal":[39],"selection":[40],"theory":[41],"formation.":[44],"On":[45,61],"receiving":[46],"PhD":[48],"Biochemistry":[50],"Buenos":[52],"Aries,":[53],"he":[54],"completed":[55],"second":[57],"doctorate":[58],"at":[59],"Cambridge.":[60],"joining":[62],"staff":[64],"Medical":[67],"Research":[68],"Council":[69],"Molecular":[71],"Biology,":[72],"et":[74],"al.":[75],"established":[76],"complete":[78],"sequence":[79],"immunoglobulin":[82],"light":[83,100],"chain.":[84],"They":[85],"discovered":[86],"only":[87],"one":[88],"type":[89],"messenger":[91],"ribonucleic":[92],"acid":[93],"(RNA)":[94],"both":[96],"constant":[97,107],"variable":[99],"chain":[101],"domains.":[102],"reasoned":[104],"that":[105],"domain":[108],"genes":[109],"must":[110],"come":[111],"together":[112],"antibody\u2010synthesising":[114],"cells.":[115],"K\u00f6hler":[118],"fused":[119,146],"antibody\u2010forming":[120],"spleen":[121,151],"cells":[122,126,141,152],"with":[123],"mutant":[124,139],"myeloma":[125,140],"to":[127,130],"form":[128],"hybridomas":[129],"study":[131],"genetic":[133],"basis":[134],"diversity.":[137],"The":[138],"conferred":[142,153],"immortality":[143],"on":[144],"cell":[147,159,162],"line,":[148],"whereas":[149],"specificity.":[155],"Thus,":[156],"hybrid":[158],"or":[160],"hybridoma":[161],"line":[163],"exhibited":[164],"long\u2010term":[165],"survival":[166],"culture,":[168],"producing":[169],"unlimited":[171],"quantity":[172],"antibodies.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-10T09:11:00.788812","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}