{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4234806451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1728-2","title":"Risk","display_name":"Risk","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4234806451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1728-2"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1728-2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1728-2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1728-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363604143","display_name":"The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4242476293","display_name":"The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics"},"type":"reference-entry","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081902621","display_name":"Mark J. Machina","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark J. Machina","raw_affiliation_strings":["http://link.springer.com/referencework/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"http://link.springer.com/referencework/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049457406","display_name":"Michael Rothschild","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Rothschild","raw_affiliation_strings":["http://link.springer.com/referencework/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"http://link.springer.com/referencework/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.9473000168800354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.9473000168800354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12137","display_name":"Economic theories and models","score":0.009700000286102295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11413","display_name":"Risk and Portfolio Optimization","score":0.009100000374019146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk","display_name":"risk","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-aversion","display_name":"risk aversion","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-preferences","display_name":"risk preferences","score":0.4300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-agents","display_name":"economic agents","score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-characterization","display_name":"risk characterization","score":0.41999998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-modeling","display_name":"risk modeling","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-markets","display_name":"financial markets","score":0.5960000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capital-markets","display_name":"capital markets","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/investment-banking","display_name":"investment banking","score":0.8479999899864197}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50335755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483247","display_name":"Phenomenon","level":2,"score":0.6153160929679871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.5080561637878418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143910263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750458","display_name":"Capital market","level":2,"score":0.4818654954433441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4275892972946167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.41255882382392883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3799199163913727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.3509180247783661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.2134498655796051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.20618480443954468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.09688881039619446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.08923497796058655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1728-2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1728-2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1728-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363604143","display_name":"The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W235705786","https://openalex.org/W1525331742","https://openalex.org/W1531190209","https://openalex.org/W1543085528","https://openalex.org/W1592964615","https://openalex.org/W1593372571","https://openalex.org/W1895366050","https://openalex.org/W1971432209","https://openalex.org/W1977567824","https://openalex.org/W1986642514","https://openalex.org/W1989015246","https://openalex.org/W1991534264","https://openalex.org/W1995118028","https://openalex.org/W1995594171","https://openalex.org/W2001842060","https://openalex.org/W2003996846","https://openalex.org/W2005349928","https://openalex.org/W2008690781","https://openalex.org/W2009685525","https://openalex.org/W2009749785","https://openalex.org/W2010899207","https://openalex.org/W2019272745","https://openalex.org/W2029056003","https://openalex.org/W2034533443","https://openalex.org/W2053555145","https://openalex.org/W2061437645","https://openalex.org/W2062229217","https://openalex.org/W2062422780","https://openalex.org/W2066470699","https://openalex.org/W2067664959","https://openalex.org/W2069110256","https://openalex.org/W2070589948","https://openalex.org/W2074142241","https://openalex.org/W2078177987","https://openalex.org/W2085104137","https://openalex.org/W2087686923","https://openalex.org/W2088335075","https://openalex.org/W2089260477","https://openalex.org/W2089822114","https://openalex.org/W2091817759","https://openalex.org/W2114457221","https://openalex.org/W2134540600","https://openalex.org/W2148074838","https://openalex.org/W2314641697","https://openalex.org/W3015469787","https://openalex.org/W3123331292","https://openalex.org/W4230950302","https://openalex.org/W4232474910","https://openalex.org/W4237854034","https://openalex.org/W4246685738","https://openalex.org/W4252707658","https://openalex.org/W4254387140","https://openalex.org/W4297440425","https://openalex.org/W4300694379","https://openalex.org/W6605247177","https://openalex.org/W6631597334","https://openalex.org/W6641529508","https://openalex.org/W6722617413"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2497409725","https://openalex.org/W1605984062","https://openalex.org/W304971732","https://openalex.org/W3137056418","https://openalex.org/W7113676867","https://openalex.org/W1970334939","https://openalex.org/W2462203409","https://openalex.org/W2246460469","https://openalex.org/W7024478104","https://openalex.org/W7072349850"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"phenomenon":[1],"of":[2,18,21,37,51,61,75,80,83,88],"risk":[3,62,84],"plays":[4],"a":[5,22],"pervasive":[6],"role":[7],"in":[8,67],"economics.":[9],"Without":[10],"it,":[11],"financial":[12],"and":[13,34,85],"capital":[14],"markets":[15],"would":[16,30,40],"consist":[17],"the":[19,27,35,49,59,68,76,81,86],"exchange":[20],"single":[23],"instrument":[24],"each":[25],"period,":[26],"communications":[28],"industry":[29],"cease":[31],"to":[32,42,56,92],"exist,":[33],"profession":[36],"investment":[38],"banking":[39],"reduce":[41],"simple":[43],"accounting.":[44],"One":[45],"need":[46],"but":[47],"consult":[48],"contents":[50],"any":[52],"recent":[53],"economics":[54],"journal":[55],"see":[57],"how":[58],"recognition":[60],"has":[63],"influenced":[64],"current":[65],"research":[66],"discipline.":[69],"This":[70],"article":[71],"presents":[72],"an":[73],"overview":[74],"modern":[77],"economic":[78,89],"theory":[79],"characterization":[82],"modelling":[87],"agents\u2019":[90],"responses":[91],"it.":[93]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}