{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4234056908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3479538","title":"De Facto School Segregation: A Constitutional and Empirical Analysis","display_name":"De Facto School Segregation: A Constitutional and Empirical Analysis","publication_year":1972,"publication_date":"1972-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4234056908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3479538","mag":"1490328540"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/3479538","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3479538","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3479538","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S172107878","display_name":"California Law Review","issn_l":"0008-1221","issn":["0008-1221","1942-6542"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316106","host_organization_name":"UC Berkeley School of Law","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316106","https://openalex.org/P4310316198"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["UC Berkeley School of Law","University of California, Berkeley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"California Law Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.15779/z38417p","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084921149","display_name":"Frank I. Goodman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Frank I. Goodman","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084921149"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.48522983,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":"2","first_page":"275","last_page":"275"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14017","display_name":"Legal Issues in Education","score":0.7465999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14017","display_name":"Legal Issues in Education","score":0.7465999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.12950000166893005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13170","display_name":"Discrimination and Equality Law","score":0.029600000008940697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-segregation-in-public-schools","display_name":"racial segregation in public schools","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brown-v-board-of-education","display_name":"Brown v. Board of Education","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residential-segregation","display_name":"residential segregation","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constitutional-law","display_name":"constitutional law","score":0.4880000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supreme-court","display_name":"Supreme Court","score":0.3840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-choice","display_name":"school choice","score":0.30799999833106995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992317946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q712144","display_name":"De facto","level":2,"score":0.8425332903862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4391297399997711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.3469841778278351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.30671095848083496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.20079371333122253}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/3479538","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3479538","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3479538","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S172107878","display_name":"California Law Review","issn_l":"0008-1221","issn":["0008-1221","1942-6542"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316106","host_organization_name":"UC Berkeley School of Law","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316106","https://openalex.org/P4310316198"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["UC Berkeley School of Law","University of California, Berkeley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"California Law Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.berkeley.edu:californialawreview-2646","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/californialawreview/vol60/iss2/1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064349","display_name":"bepress Legal Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"California Law Review","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.upenn.edu:faculty_scholarship-2026","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/faculty_scholarship/1026","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196469","display_name":"Penn Carey Law Legal Scholarship Repository (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"All Faculty Scholarship","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:1490328540","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/californialawreview/vol60/iss2/1/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S172107878","display_name":"California Law Review","issn_l":"0008-1221","issn":["0008-1221","1942-6542"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316106","host_organization_name":"UC Berkeley School of Law","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316106","https://openalex.org/P4310316198"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["UC Berkeley School of Law","University of California, Berkeley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"California Law Review","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.15779/z38417p","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15779/z38417p","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.15779/z38417p","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050879","display_name":"UC Berkeley","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","host_organization_name":"University of California, Berkeley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.15779/z38417p","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15779/z38417p","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.15779/z38417p","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050879","display_name":"UC Berkeley","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","host_organization_name":"University of California, Berkeley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8046000003814697,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"},{"score":0.7578999996185303,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.5199999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2194046825","https://openalex.org/W4237047447"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6990291439","https://openalex.org/W2914977387","https://openalex.org/W7098694328","https://openalex.org/W337280167","https://openalex.org/W1979798101","https://openalex.org/W7099606444","https://openalex.org/W3005218394","https://openalex.org/W342514273","https://openalex.org/W7057272244","https://openalex.org/W3176681205"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"No":[0],"issue":[1],"of":[2,14,21,31,47,69],"our":[3],"time":[4],"has":[5,41,106],"drawn":[6],"the":[7,12,24,33,44,67,79,103],"courts":[8],"more":[9,111],"deeply":[10],"into":[11],"vortex":[13],"social":[15],"change":[16],"and":[17,139],"conflict":[18],"than":[19,112],"that":[20,49],"school":[22,84],"segregation.In":[23],"18":[25],"years":[26],"since":[27],"Brown":[28],"v.":[29],"Board":[30],"Education,'":[32],"Court,":[34],"falteringly":[35],"at":[36,39],"first,":[37],"decisively":[38],"last,":[40],"spelled":[42],"out":[43],"remedial":[45],"obligations":[46],"communities":[48],"had":[50],"deliberately":[51],"segregated":[52,92],"children":[53],"by":[54,90],"race":[55],"in":[56,86],"their":[57],"public":[58],"schools.":[59],"2That":[60],"task":[61],"is":[62,129],"nearly":[63],"completed.":[64],"3":[65],"However,":[66],"problem":[68],"de":[70],"facto":[71],"segregation-racial":[72],"imbalance":[73],"resulting":[74],"merely":[75],"from":[76],"adherence":[77],"to":[78,98,116,132],"traditional,":[80],"racially":[81,91],"neutral,":[82],"neighborhood":[83],"policy":[85],"a":[87],"community":[88],"marked":[89],"residential":[93],"patterns":[94],"4":[95],"-has":[96],"yet":[97],"be":[99],"faced.On":[100],"this":[101,122],"issue,":[102],"Supreme":[104],"Court":[105],"t":[107],"The":[108],"author":[109],"owes":[110],"he":[113],"can":[114],"say":[115],"Professor":[117,133],"Jesse":[118],"Choper,":[119],"without":[120],"whom":[121],"Article":[123],"would":[124],"not":[125],"have":[126],"seen":[127],"daylight.He":[128],"indebted":[130],"also":[131],"Steven":[134],"Goldstein":[135],"for":[136],"much":[137],"help":[138],"useful":[140],"criticism.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}
