{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4234020830","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000391874.40298.46","title":"Exposure to Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water and Risk of Small for Gestational Age Births","display_name":"Exposure to Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water and Risk of Small for Gestational Age Births","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-12-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4234020830","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000391874.40298.46"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000391874.40298.46","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000391874.40298.46","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000391874.40298.46","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S15470582","display_name":"Epidemiology","issn_l":"1044-3983","issn":["1044-3983","1531-5487"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Epidemiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034347467","display_name":"Richard J. Summerhayes","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Summerhayes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northern Rivers University Department of Rural Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northern Rivers University Department of Rural Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090913435","display_name":"Geoffrey Gerard Morgan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4046-2405","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4046-2405"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geoffrey Morgan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northern Rivers University Department of Rural Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northern Rivers University Department of Rural Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072146491","display_name":"Howard Paul Edwards","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9182-9230","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9182-9230"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51158804","display_name":"Massey University","ror":"https://ror.org/052czxv31","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}],"countries":["AU","NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Howard Edwards","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand","Northern Rivers University Department of Rural Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northern Rivers University Department of Rural Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111879276","display_name":"Douglas J. Lincoln","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Douglas Lincoln","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northern Rivers University Department of Rural Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northern Rivers University Department of Rural Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032069676","display_name":"Arul Earnest","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2693-5034","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2693-5034"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","display_name":"Queensland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03pnv4752","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arul Earnest","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia","Northern Rivers University Department of Rural Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northern Rivers University Department of Rural Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084792088","display_name":"Bayzid Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1949-1301","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1949-1301"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bayzid Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia","School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031416960","display_name":"John Beard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8557-0242","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8557-0242"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105654","display_name":"World Health Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/01f80g185","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}],"countries":["AU","CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Beard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ageing and Life Course, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland","Northern Rivers University Department of Rural Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ageing and Life Course, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northern Rivers University Department of Rural Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.45901881,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":null,"first_page":"S69","last_page":"S69"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11493","display_name":"Water Treatment and Disinfection","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11493","display_name":"Water Treatment and Disinfection","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10686","display_name":"Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14169","display_name":"Public Health and Environmental Issues","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trihalomethanes","display_name":"trihalomethanes","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drinking-water-disinfection-byproducts","display_name":"drinking water disinfection by-products","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-for-gestational-age","display_name":"small for gestational age","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prenatal-exposure","display_name":"prenatal exposure","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maternal-exposure","display_name":"maternal exposure","score":0.5799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-distribution-networks","display_name":"water distribution systems","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/birth-outcomes","display_name":"birth outcomes","score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hunter-region","display_name":"Hunter region","score":0.9900000095367432}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122048520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2913954","display_name":"Percentile","level":2,"score":0.8461461663246155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780938740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298973","display_name":"Small for gestational age","level":4,"score":0.697242259979248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5914386510848999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77350462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125472","display_name":"Confounding","level":2,"score":0.5599591732025146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.5453665852546692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.49501603841781616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995","display_name":"Pregnancy","level":2,"score":0.4592674970626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778376644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2253111","display_name":"Gestational age","level":3,"score":0.43267661333084106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4241296648979187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131872663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5284418","display_name":"Obstetrics","level":1,"score":0.3462103307247162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.32801568508148193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1449865698814392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.04730963706970215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000391874.40298.46","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000391874.40298.46","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000391874.40298.46","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S15470582","display_name":"Epidemiology","issn_l":"1044-3983","issn":["1044-3983","1531-5487"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Epidemiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:epubs.scu.edu.au:hahs_pubs-2151","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://epubs.scu.edu.au/hahs_pubs/1187","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400270","display_name":"Cross Connect (Southern Cross University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66809481","host_organization_name":"Southern Cross University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66809481"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"School of Health and Human Sciences","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9763000011444092}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1976031257","https://openalex.org/W7222361635","https://openalex.org/W2142984754","https://openalex.org/W7097927578","https://openalex.org/W2009446605","https://openalex.org/W2139463532","https://openalex.org/W650608938","https://openalex.org/W7096010374","https://openalex.org/W2095103526","https://openalex.org/W2087291295"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"S-29C6-4":[0],"Background/Aims:":[1],"We":[2,33,78,116],"investigated":[3],"the":[4,61,118,142,153,158,164,186],"association":[5,193],"between":[6,53,71,194],"exposure":[7,103,131,199,208],"to":[8,45,124,132,163,200,209],"trihalomethanes":[9],"(THM)":[10],"in":[11,21,27,49,112,148,157,185],"drinking":[12],"water":[13,25,46],"and":[14,55,60,73,88,91,100,197],"small":[15],"for":[16,40,93,106,126,130,138,152,167],"gestational":[17,84,94,127],"age":[18,95,128],"(SGA)":[19],"births":[20,44,52,70,80,129,196],"2":[22],"large":[23],"metropolitan":[24],"supplies":[26],"New":[28,66],"South":[29,67],"Wales,":[30],"Australia.":[31],"Methods:":[32],"geocoded":[34],"mothers":[35],"residential":[36],"address":[37],"at":[38],"birth":[39],"live,":[41],"singleton,":[42],"term":[43],"distribution":[47,58,76,114],"systems":[48],"Sydney/Illawarra":[50,143,165],"(314,982":[51],"1998":[54],"2004,":[56,74],"33":[57],"systems)":[59],"neighboring":[62],"Hunter":[63,159],"region":[64,144,160],"of":[65,121],"Wales":[68],"(37,944":[69],"1997":[72],"9":[75],"systems).":[77],"classified":[79],"into":[81],"gender":[82],"specific":[83,211],"week":[85],"SGA":[86,122,145,168,180,195],"(<third":[87],"<10th":[89,181],"percentiles)":[90],"appropriate":[92,125],"(10th":[96],"percentile).":[97],"Mean":[98],"trimester":[99],"entire":[101],"pregnancy":[102],"was":[104],"estimated":[105,117],"THM":[107,202,212,224],"based":[108],"on":[109],"monthly":[110],"sampling":[111],"each":[113],"system.":[115],"relative":[119],"risk":[120],"compared":[123],"THM's":[133],"using":[134],"log-binomial":[135],"regression":[136],"controlling":[137],"confounders.":[139],"Results:":[140],"In":[141],"(<10th":[146],"percentile)":[147],"Sydney/Illawarra.":[149],"Effect":[150],"estimates":[151],"smaller":[154],"study":[155,190],"population":[156],"were":[161,183],"similar":[162],"results":[166,215],"<third":[169],"percentile":[170,182],"but":[171],"with":[172,179],"wider":[173],"confidence":[174],"intervals,":[175],"while":[176],"no":[177],"associations":[178],"found":[184],"Hunter.":[187],"Conclusion:":[188],"Our":[189,214],"indicates":[191],"an":[192],"mother's":[198],"total":[201],"during":[203],"pregnancy,":[204],"as":[205,207],"well":[206],"some":[210],"species.":[213],"suggest":[216],"that":[217],"these":[218],"effects":[219],"mainly":[220],"occur":[221],"above":[222],"threshold":[223],"concentrations.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}