{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4233590845","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482x8107501001","title":"Introduction","display_name":"Introduction","publication_year":1981,"publication_date":"1981-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4233590845","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482x8107501001"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0145482x8107501001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482x8107501001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482x8107501001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S180263418","display_name":"Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness","issn_l":"0145-482X","issn":["0145-482X","1559-1476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Visual Impairment &amp; Blindness","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002933004","display_name":"Kurt Waldheim","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1286959531","display_name":"United Nations","ror":"https://ror.org/006kxhp52","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286959531"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kurt Waldheim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Secretary-General of the United Nations"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Secretary-General of the United Nations","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286959531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053774140","display_name":"Mary Ellen Mulholland","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1286959531","display_name":"United Nations","ror":"https://ror.org/006kxhp52","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286959531"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mary Ellen Mulholland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Secretary-General of the United Nations"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Secretary-General of the United Nations","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286959531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286959531"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54332303,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"75","issue":"10","first_page":"393","last_page":"393"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11003","display_name":"Disability Rights and Representation","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11003","display_name":"Disability Rights and Representation","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12948","display_name":"Inclusion and Disability in Education and Sport","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11514","display_name":"Disability Education and Employment","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disability","display_name":"disability","score":0.47999998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-nations","display_name":"United Nations","score":0.48500001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disability-rights","display_name":"disability rights","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-participation-health-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"social participation (health and rehabilitation)","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-integration","display_name":"social integration","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-development-strategy","display_name":"national development strategy","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disability-policy","display_name":"disability policy","score":0.5149999856948853}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018950346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12131","display_name":"Disabled people","level":3,"score":0.7275269031524658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5553770661354065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.4486885964870453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019422483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1646605","display_name":"Member states","level":3,"score":0.44315558671951294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.43971961736679077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.41328105330467224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.39538586139678955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2952592968940735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.20172473788261414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.10409587621688843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.08875787258148193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.08686348795890808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987512134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q346799","display_name":"Life style","level":2,"score":0.0701858401298523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0145482x8107501001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482x8107501001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482x8107501001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S180263418","display_name":"Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness","issn_l":"0145-482X","issn":["0145-482X","1559-1476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Visual Impairment &amp; Blindness","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.75,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"},{"score":0.5676000118255615,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4242720444","https://openalex.org/W2144497515","https://openalex.org/W2029034853","https://openalex.org/W2085809298","https://openalex.org/W2398284170","https://openalex.org/W4206189740","https://openalex.org/W55913156","https://openalex.org/W4312418369","https://openalex.org/W4212939429","https://openalex.org/W6979100876"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"\u201cBy":[0],"proclaiming":[1],"1981":[2],"as":[3,75,77],"the":[4,10,14,22,48,69,84,89,92],"International":[5,93],"Year":[6,94],"of":[7,13,27,50,58,71,88,91,95],"Disabled":[8,96],"Persons,":[9],"General":[11],"Assembly":[12],"United":[15],"Nations":[16],"aimed":[17],"at":[18],"focusing":[19],"attention":[20],"on":[21],"enjoyment":[23],"by":[24],"disabled":[25,51],"persons":[26,52],"rights":[28],"and":[29,38,80,86],"opportunities":[30],"in":[31,83],"order":[32],"to":[33,44,47,67],"ensure":[34],"their":[35],"full":[36],"participation":[37,70],"integration":[39],"into":[40],"society.":[41],"The":[42],"effort":[43],"find":[45],"solutions":[46],"problem":[49],"should":[53],"be":[54],"an":[55],"integral":[56],"part":[57],"national":[59],"development":[60],"strategies.":[61],"There":[62],"is":[63],"thus":[64],"a":[65],"need":[66],"secure":[68],"all":[72],"Member":[73],"States,":[74],"well":[76],"relevant":[78],"governmental":[79],"non-governmental":[81],"organizations":[82],"preparation":[85],"implementation":[87],"programme":[90],"Persons.\u201d":[97]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-03T13:16:28.481748","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}
