{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4233479512","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.860","title":"Problem Solving","display_name":"Problem Solving","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4233479512","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.860"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.860","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.860","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.860","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463708","display_name":"Oxford University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education","raw_type":"reference-entry"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7143889497","display_name":"Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education"},"type":"reference-entry","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008608861","display_name":"Richard E. Mayer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4055-6938","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4055-6938"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Richard E Mayer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Santa Barbara"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008608861"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14040","display_name":"Problem Solving Skills Development","score":0.4375,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14040","display_name":"Problem Solving Skills Development","score":0.4375,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11079","display_name":"Creativity in Education and Neuroscience","score":0.15719999372959137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12522","display_name":"Mathematics Education and Pedagogy","score":0.11990000307559967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/problem-solving","display_name":"problem solving","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-processes","display_name":"cognitive processes","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/problem-classification","display_name":"problem classification","score":0.5609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/problem-representation","display_name":"problem representation","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/planning","display_name":"planning","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monitoring","display_name":"monitoring","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/problem-solving-knowledge","display_name":"problem-solving knowledge","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer","display_name":"transfer","score":0.5789999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insight","display_name":"insight","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"heuristics","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-making","display_name":"decision-making","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/creativity","display_name":"creativity","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teaching-thinking-skills","display_name":"teaching thinking skills","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expert-problem-solving","display_name":"expert problem solving","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analogical-reasoning","display_name":"analogical reasoning","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-thinking","display_name":"mathematical thinking","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-thinking","display_name":"scientific thinking","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/everyday-thinking","display_name":"everyday thinking","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-specificity","display_name":"domain specificity","score":0.9909999966621399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019612716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q730920","display_name":"Problem solver","level":2,"score":0.7667319774627686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.7107886672019958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107848011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680756","display_name":"Adaptive reasoning","level":4,"score":0.5965446829795837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166667406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853133","display_name":"Creative problem-solving","level":3,"score":0.5786135196685791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.539638102054596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.49230754375457764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4854038655757904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33566652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1065927","display_name":"Theme (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4726387858390808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11012388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170658","display_name":"Creativity","level":2,"score":0.4502425193786621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.43758854269981384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.4189901053905487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.3722241520881653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3427339494228363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.27171003818511963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161301231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3478658","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","level":2,"score":0.19510957598686218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17872226238250732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37335422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888134","display_name":"Model-based reasoning","level":3,"score":0.1348230540752411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.09040668606758118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.860","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.860","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.860","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463708","display_name":"Oxford University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education","raw_type":"reference-entry"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W287934474","https://openalex.org/W1506565537","https://openalex.org/W1698516015","https://openalex.org/W2625237928","https://openalex.org/W2991235520","https://openalex.org/W4211095334","https://openalex.org/W4238754808","https://openalex.org/W4239753809","https://openalex.org/W4250180627"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W224573498","https://openalex.org/W4230651501","https://openalex.org/W332026861","https://openalex.org/W2002439820","https://openalex.org/W2015599431","https://openalex.org/W1971944486","https://openalex.org/W3041951629","https://openalex.org/W4245952463","https://openalex.org/W3107065654","https://openalex.org/W4232791153"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Problem":[1],"solving":[2,58,73,109,127,164,170],"refers":[3],"to":[4,36],"cognitive":[5,54,151],"processing":[6],"directed":[7],"at":[8],"achieving":[9],"a":[10,20,29,166],"goal":[11,30],"when":[12,26],"the":[13,88,112,150,159],"problem":[14,24,57,72,93,108,126,139,154,163,169],"solver":[15],"does":[16,32],"not":[17,33],"initially":[18],"know":[19,34],"solution":[21],"method.":[22],"A":[23],"exists":[25],"someone":[27],"has":[28],"but":[31],"how":[35],"achieve":[37],"it.":[38],"Problems":[39],"can":[40],"be":[41],"classified":[42],"as":[43,48,111],"routine":[44],"or":[45,50],"non-routine,":[46],"and":[47,63,79,97,117,132,144,149,165],"well-defined":[49],"ill-defined.":[51],"The":[52,65,81],"major":[53,66],"processes":[55],"in":[56,107,125,171],"are":[59,74,94],"representing,":[60],"planning,":[61],"executing,":[62],"monitoring.":[64],"kinds":[67],"of":[68,90,101,114,135,153,162],"knowledge":[69],"required":[70],"for":[71],"facts,":[75],"concepts,":[76],"procedures,":[77],"strategies,":[78],"beliefs.":[80],"theoretical":[82],"approaches":[83,103],"that":[84],"have":[85],"developed":[86],"over":[87],"history":[89],"research":[91,123],"on":[92,168],"associationism,":[95],"Gestalt,":[96],"information":[98],"processing.":[99],"Each":[100],"these":[102],"involves":[104],"fundamental":[105],"issues":[106],"such":[110],"nature":[113],"transfer,":[115],"insight,":[116],"goal-directed":[118],"heuristics,":[119],"respectively.":[120],"Some":[121],"current":[122],"topics":[124],"include":[128],"decision":[129],"making,":[130],"intelligence":[131],"creativity,":[133],"teaching":[134],"thinking":[136],"skills,":[137],"expert":[138],"solving,":[140],"analogical":[141],"reasoning,":[142],"mathematical":[143],"scientific":[145],"thinking,":[146,148],"everyday":[147],"neuroscience":[152],"solving.":[155],"Common":[156],"theme":[157],"concerns":[158],"domain":[160],"specificity":[161],"focus":[167],"authentic":[172],"contexts.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}