{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4232853886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3959.001.0001","title":"Invisible Engines","display_name":"Invisible Engines","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-08-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4232853886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3959.001.0001"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.7551/mitpress/3959.001.0001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3959.001.0001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3959.001.0001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463997","display_name":"The MIT Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"book"},"volume":null,"type":"book","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3959.001.0001","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057345173","display_name":"David S. Evans","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3940-3344","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3940-3344","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8151-7946","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1674-8489"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David S. Evans","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051631166","display_name":"Andrei Hagiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8161-5389","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8161-5389"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrei Hagiu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110935819","display_name":"Richard Schmalensee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6351-2300","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6351-2300"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Schmalensee","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.9445,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":322,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98865979,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11437","display_name":"Digital Platforms and Economics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11437","display_name":"Digital Platforms and Economics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13151","display_name":"Business Strategies and Innovation","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12501","display_name":"Digital Economy and Work Transformation","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-platform","display_name":"software platform","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/platform-business-models","display_name":"platform business models","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/platform-strategy","display_name":"platform strategy","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/platform-economics","display_name":"platform economics","score":0.41499999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/app-developers","display_name":"app developers","score":0.5090000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-users","display_name":"end users","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personal-computer-industry","display_name":"personal computer industry","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personal-digital-assistants","display_name":"personal digital assistants","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smartphones","display_name":"smartphones","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-transformation","display_name":"industrial transformation","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value-creation","display_name":"value creation","score":0.5360000133514404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.47965624928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4390139579772949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4113408625125885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4104165732860565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3813050389289856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3192096948623657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2467646300792694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.7551/mitpress/3959.001.0001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3959.001.0001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3959.001.0001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463997","display_name":"The MIT Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"book"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-036021945","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/78499","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.7551/mitpress/3959.001.0001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3959.001.0001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3959.001.0001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463997","display_name":"The MIT Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"book"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4943999946117401,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1603457312","https://openalex.org/W1577380748","https://openalex.org/W2484484822","https://openalex.org/W81589436","https://openalex.org/W7070587299","https://openalex.org/W7099696698","https://openalex.org/W1561657244","https://openalex.org/W2573622481","https://openalex.org/W3122477544","https://openalex.org/W7120780954"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Harnessing":[0],"the":[1,25,37,51,74,98,112,122,147,216,250,253,266,286,302,319],"power":[2,56,124],"of":[3,76,149,188,252,265,301,306,335],"software":[4,150,281,308],"platforms:":[5],"what":[6],"executives":[7],"and":[8,21,31,61,68,81,100,115,136,166,172,185,196,204,228,237,278,296,327],"entrepreneurs":[9,84],"must":[10,153],"know":[11],"about":[12],"how":[13,22],"to":[14,18,23,65,79,92,106,145,215,220,241,293],"use":[15],"this":[16,107,127,247,258,336],"technology":[17,101],"transform":[19],"industries":[20],"develop":[24],"strategies":[26,116],"that":[27,40,95,120,131,142,255],"will":[28,96,132,329],"create":[29],"value":[30,78],"drive":[32,93,294],"profits.":[33,243],"Software":[34],"platforms":[35,184,309],"are":[36,90],"invisible":[38],"engines":[39,67],"have":[41,72,104,256],"created,":[42],"touched,":[43],"or":[44,179],"transformed":[45],"nearly":[46],"every":[47],"major":[48],"industry":[49,291],"for":[50,174,181,213],"past":[52],"quarter":[53],"century.":[54],"They":[55,71],"everything":[57],"from":[58,191,208],"mobile":[59,276],"phones":[60],"automobile":[62],"navigation":[63],"systems":[64],"search":[66],"web":[69],"portals.":[70],"been":[73],"source":[75],"enormous":[77],"consumers":[80],"helped":[82],"some":[83],"build":[85],"great":[86],"fortunes.":[87],"And":[88,234],"they":[89,218],"likely":[91],"change":[94,133,330],"dwarf":[97],"business":[99,113,287],"revolution":[102,130],"we":[103,152,321],"seen":[105],"point.":[108],"Invisible":[109,244],"Engines":[110,245],"examines":[111],"dynamics":[114],"used":[117],"by":[118,126,200,290],"firms":[119],"recognize":[121],"transformative":[123],"unleashed":[125],"new":[128,135],"revolution\u2014a":[129],"both":[134],"old":[137],"industries.":[138],"The":[139],"authors":[140],"argue":[141],"in":[143,317],"order":[144],"understand":[146,155],"successes":[148],"platforms,":[151],"first":[154],"their":[156,183,189],"role":[157],"as":[158],"a":[159,298,315,341],"technological":[160],"meeting":[161],"ground":[162],"where":[163],"application":[164],"developers":[165,177],"end":[167,192],"users":[168,203,230,239],"converge.":[169],"Apple,":[170],"Microsoft,":[171],"Google,":[173],"example,":[175],"charge":[176],"little":[178],"nothing":[180],"using":[182],"make":[186,205],"most":[187],"money":[190,207],"users;":[193],"Sony":[194],"PlayStation":[195],"other":[197],"game":[198,270],"consoles,":[199],"contrast,":[201],"subsidize":[202],"more":[206,226,229,232,235,238,242],"developers,":[209],"who":[210],"pay":[211],"royalties":[212],"access":[214],"code":[217],"need":[219],"write":[221],"games.":[222],"More":[223],"applications":[224,236],"attract":[225,231],"users,":[227],"applications.":[233],"lead":[240],"explores":[246],"story":[248],"through":[249],"lens":[251],"companies":[254],"mastered":[257],"platform-balancing":[259],"act.":[260],"It":[261],"offers":[262],"detailed":[263],"studies":[264],"personal":[267,272],"computer,":[268],"video":[269],"console,":[271],"digital":[273,279],"assistant,":[274],"smart":[275],"phone,":[277],"media":[280],"platform":[282],"industries,":[283],"focusing":[284],"on":[285],"decisions":[288],"made":[289],"players":[292],"profits":[295],"stay":[297],"step":[299],"ahead":[300],"competition.":[303],"Shorter":[304],"discussions":[305],"Internet-based":[307],"provide":[310],"an":[311],"important":[312],"glimpse":[313],"into":[314],"future":[316],"which":[318],"way":[320],"buy,":[322],"pay,":[323],"watch,":[324],"listen,":[325],"learn,":[326],"communicate":[328],"forever.":[331],"An":[332],"electronic":[333],"version":[334],"book":[337],"is":[338],"available":[339],"under":[340],"Creative":[342],"Commons":[343],"license.":[344]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}
