{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4232591682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300010156","title":"The effect of linkage on limits to artificial selection","display_name":"The effect of linkage on limits to artificial selection","publication_year":1966,"publication_date":"1966-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4232591682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300010156"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0016672300010156","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300010156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300010156","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/5CCFE11C1F8108242ED02AEC8BA5DD50/S0016672300010156a.pdf/div-class-title-the-effect-of-linkage-on-limits-to-artificial-selection-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S31188771","display_name":"Genetics Research","issn_l":"0016-6723","issn":["0016-6723","1469-5073"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genetical Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/5CCFE11C1F8108242ED02AEC8BA5DD50/S0016672300010156a.pdf/div-class-title-the-effect-of-linkage-on-limits-to-artificial-selection-div.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021695947","display_name":"William George Hill","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9972-7140","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9972-7140"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. G. Hill","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Animal Genetics, Edinburgh, 9"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Animal Genetics, Edinburgh, 9","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113778590","display_name":"Alan Robertson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan Robertson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Animal Genetics, Edinburgh, 9"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Animal Genetics, Edinburgh, 9","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.0133,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1832,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98097356,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"3","first_page":"269","last_page":"294"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.8446999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.8446999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10594","display_name":"Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock","score":0.13279999792575836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10012","display_name":"Genetic diversity and population structure","score":0.004999999888241291,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linkage-disequilibrium","display_name":"linkage disequilibrium","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selective-breeding","display_name":"selective breeding","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/two-locus-model","display_name":"two-locus model","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixation-probability","display_name":"fixation probability","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crossover-distance","display_name":"crossover distance","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-populations","display_name":"small populations","score":0.5460000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/additive-genetic-effects","display_name":"additive genetic effects","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection-intensity","display_name":"selection intensity","score":0.4699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/effective-population-size","display_name":"effective population size","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linkage-equilibrium","display_name":"linkage equilibrium","score":0.4740000069141388}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35605836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2064311","display_name":"Linkage disequilibrium","level":5,"score":0.7446905970573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146249460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914991","display_name":"Fixation (population genetics)","level":3,"score":0.6802273988723755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.636976957321167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84597430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106227","display_name":"Locus (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.6345057487487793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122507166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628906","display_name":"Crossover","level":2,"score":0.6195515394210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.5608949065208435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38734473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156506","display_name":"Complete linkage","level":5,"score":0.4821895658969879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.47538721561431885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.4616507291793823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.45829707384109497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37463918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q387981","display_name":"Allele frequency","level":4,"score":0.4397750794887543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.42111724615097046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180754005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80726","display_name":"Allele","level":3,"score":0.39034920930862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.283577561378479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.13748010993003845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11984643340110779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135763542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106016","display_name":"Genotype","level":3,"score":0.09354603290557861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153209595","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q501128","display_name":"Single-nucleotide polymorphism","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197754878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80711","display_name":"Haplotype","level":4,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0016672300010156","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300010156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300010156","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/5CCFE11C1F8108242ED02AEC8BA5DD50/S0016672300010156a.pdf/div-class-title-the-effect-of-linkage-on-limits-to-artificial-selection-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S31188771","display_name":"Genetics Research","issn_l":"0016-6723","issn":["0016-6723","1469-5073"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genetical Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0016672300010156","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300010156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300010156","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/5CCFE11C1F8108242ED02AEC8BA5DD50/S0016672300010156a.pdf/div-class-title-the-effect-of-linkage-on-limits-to-artificial-selection-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S31188771","display_name":"Genetics Research","issn_l":"0016-6723","issn":["0016-6723","1469-5073"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genetical Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4232591682.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4232591682.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11772746","https://openalex.org/W378580523","https://openalex.org/W1009792656","https://openalex.org/W2002567244","https://openalex.org/W2025777882","https://openalex.org/W2077462298","https://openalex.org/W2107358293","https://openalex.org/W2126485300","https://openalex.org/W2152022752","https://openalex.org/W2157669324","https://openalex.org/W2267436601","https://openalex.org/W2326574757","https://openalex.org/W2407279321","https://openalex.org/W2411565725","https://openalex.org/W2429209729","https://openalex.org/W2463089998","https://openalex.org/W2528739673"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2411565725","https://openalex.org/W2104950720","https://openalex.org/W2528739673","https://openalex.org/W2469661497","https://openalex.org/W2182836616","https://openalex.org/W1018783006","https://openalex.org/W2398065834","https://openalex.org/W2152022752","https://openalex.org/W1968880200","https://openalex.org/W2409229131"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"(i)":[0],"A":[1,377],"computer":[2,116,124,212],"simulation":[3],"study":[4],"has":[5],"been":[6],"made":[7,382],"of":[8,46,57,69,138,148,157,166,180,191,211,247,277,311,318,325,338,344,353,367,385,394,401,409,424,439,450,453,466,493,497,520,570,574,582,588],"selection":[9,30,47,65,87,304,488,509,530,545,576],"on":[10,26,61,154,228,244,295,300,334,391,455,476,484],"two":[11,59,135,288,470],"linked":[12],"loci":[13,19,60,289,471,499],"in":[14,48,169,208,515,523,568],"small":[15],"populations,":[16],"where":[17],"both":[18,496],"were":[20,222,259,445],"assumed":[21,126],"to":[22,113,290,447,464,513,539],"have":[23,291],"additive":[24],"effects":[25,56,179,255,270,299,411,475],"the":[27,39,44,55,58,62,70,77,86,100,134,139,146,151,155,160,164,171,194,209,229,237,245,250,253,257,265,272,275,301,323,328,335,339,347,354,358,365,370,383,388,392,397,406,413,422,451,456,469,477,485,491,498,506,521,527,571,575,579,583,592],"character":[28,63,302,478],"under":[29,64,219,231,303,458,479,487,508,529,543,547],"with":[31,594],"no":[32,226,241,524],"interaction":[33],"between":[34,80,133,189,501],"loci.":[35,136],"If":[36],"N":[37],"is":[38,76,109,510,558],"effective":[40,580],"population":[41,121,129,423,584],"size,":[42],"i":[43],"intensity":[45],"standard":[49,72],"units,":[50],"\u03b1":[51],"and":[52,74,99,104,196,283,408,434,503,578],"\u03b2":[53],"measure":[54],"as":[66,163,200],"a":[67,281,292,309,362,448,518],"proportion":[68,165,537],"pheno-typic":[71],"deviation":[73],"c":[75],"crossover":[78],"distance":[79,198],"them,":[81],"it":[82],"was":[83,141,174,206,331,373,379,430,436,500,550],"shown":[84],"that":[85],"process":[88,577],"can":[89],"be":[90,465,564],"completely":[91],"specified":[92],"by":[93,144,185,308,531],"Ni":[94,96],"\u03b1,":[95],"\u03b2and":[97],"Nc":[98],"initial":[101,128,336,351,402],"gene":[102,216,254,269,321,403,410,589],"frequencies":[103],"linkage":[105,131,181,197,224,429,454,557],"disequilibrium":[106],"coefficient.":[107],"It":[108],"then":[110,284],"easily":[111],"possible":[112],"generalize":[114],"from":[115],"runs":[117,125],"at":[118,130,150,159,193,236,249,256,264,271,327,346,357,369,387,396,405,412,426,432,495,591],"only":[119,463,553],"one":[120,296],"size.":[122],"All":[123],"an":[127,437],"equilibrium":[132,433],"Analysis":[137],"results":[140,444],"greatly":[142],"simplified":[143],"considering":[145],"influence":[147,243,294,324,384],"segregation":[149,221,235,326,386],"second":[152,238,258,273,329,371,389],"locus":[153,239,330,372,390,415,593],"chance":[156,190,246,276,343,366,393,492],"fixation":[158,192,248,278,345,368,395,494],"first":[161,251,398,407,414],"(defined":[162],"replicate":[167],"lines":[168],"which":[170,381,586],"favoured":[172],"allele":[173,356],"eventually":[175],"fixed).":[176],"(ii)":[177],"The":[178,187,342,443,481,536],"are":[182,418],"sufficiently":[183],"described":[184],"Nc.":[186],"relationship":[188],"limit":[195],"(expressed":[199],"2Nc":[201,203],"/(":[202],"+":[204],"1))":[205],"linear":[207],"majority":[210],"runs.":[213],"(iii)":[214],"When":[215,505],"frequency":[217,337,352,404,590],"changes":[218,514,587],"independent":[220,400,548],"small,":[223],"had":[225,240,472],"effect":[227,452,483,596],"advance":[230,486,507,528,542],"selection.":[232,460,480],"In":[233,421],"general,":[234],"detectable":[242],"if":[252],"less":[260],"than":[261,313,533],"one-half":[262],"those":[263],"first.":[266],"With":[267],"larger":[268],"locus,":[274],"passed":[279,360],"through":[280,361],"minimum":[282,363],"rose":[285],"again.":[286],"For":[287],"mutual":[293],"another,":[297],"their":[298],"should":[305],"not":[306,431],"differ":[307],"factor":[310],"more":[312,532],"two.":[314],"(iv)":[315],"Under":[316],"conditions":[317],"suitable":[319],"relative":[320],"effects,":[322],"very":[332,554],"dependent":[333],"desirable":[340,355],"allele.":[341],"first,":[348],"plotted":[349],"against":[350],"second,":[359],"when":[364,416,468,490,556],"about":[374,534],"0\u00b78.":[375,504],"(v)":[376],"transformation":[378],"found":[380],"almost":[399],"these":[417],"small.":[419],"(vi)":[420],"gametes":[425],"final":[427],"fixation,":[428],"there":[435],"excess":[438],"repulsion":[440],"gametes.":[441],"(vii)":[442],"extended":[446],"consideration":[449],"limits":[457],"artificial":[459],"Linkage":[461],"proved":[462],"importance":[467],"roughly":[473],"equal":[474],"maximum":[482,541],"occurred":[489],"0\u00b77":[502],"most":[511],"sensitive":[512],"recombination":[516],"value,":[517],"doubling":[519],"latter":[522],"case":[525],"increased":[526],"6%.":[535],"selected":[538],"give":[540],"individual":[544],"(0\u00b75":[546],"segregation)":[549],"increased,":[551],"but":[552],"slightly,":[555],"important.":[559],"(viii)":[560],"These":[561],"phenomena":[562],"could":[563],"satisfactorily":[565],"accounted":[566],"for":[567],"terms":[569],"time":[572],"scale":[573],"size":[581],"within":[585],"smaller":[595],"must":[597],"take":[598],"place.":[599]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":62},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":57},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":82},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":82},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":133},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":88},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":92},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":84},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":74},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":83},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":86},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":58},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":77},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":61}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}
