{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4232396566","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1131269","title":"Private Speech of Learning Disabled and Normally Achieving Children in Classroom Academic and Laboratory Contexts","display_name":"Private Speech of Learning Disabled and Normally Achieving Children in Classroom Academic and Laboratory Contexts","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4232396566","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1131269","mag":"2075423821","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8477634"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/1131269","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1131269","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1131269","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109723506","display_name":"Child Development","issn_l":"0009-3920","issn":["0009-3920","1467-8624"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Child Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087852714","display_name":"Laura E. Berk","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura E. Berk","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104109957","display_name":"Steven E. Landau","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven Landau","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4320,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4320},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5722,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":83,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94526125,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"64","issue":"2","first_page":"556","last_page":"556"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12175","display_name":"Social Representations and Identity","score":0.25850000977516174,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12175","display_name":"Social Representations and Identity","score":0.25850000977516174,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10730","display_name":"Language Development and Disorders","score":0.25290000438690186,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14104","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology","score":0.17090000212192535,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3206","display_name":"Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-speech","display_name":"private speech","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-disabilities","display_name":"learning disabilities","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectual-disability","display_name":"intellectual disability","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laboratory-setting","display_name":"laboratory setting","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-self-regulation","display_name":"student self-regulation","score":0.49300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-development","display_name":"cognitive development","score":0.35899999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.8257965445518494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984419285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860740","display_name":"Learning disabled","level":3,"score":0.623268723487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35992214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246254","display_name":"Private speech","level":2,"score":0.5117968916893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.48776036500930786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778488704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15190726","display_name":"Audio equipment","level":2,"score":0.4228881597518921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15107229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860740","display_name":"Learning disability","level":2,"score":0.2990374267101288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001289","descriptor_name":"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001289","descriptor_name":"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002652","descriptor_name":"Child Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007859","descriptor_name":"Learning Disabilities","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007859","descriptor_name":"Learning Disabilities","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013060","descriptor_name":"Speech","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015999","descriptor_name":"Multivariate Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016022","descriptor_name":"Case-Control Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/1131269","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1131269","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1131269","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109723506","display_name":"Child Development","issn_l":"0009-3920","issn":["0009-3920","1467-8624"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Child Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:8477634","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8477634","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Child development","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:2075423821","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8477634","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6240000128746033,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"score":0.6164000034332275,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W63125267","https://openalex.org/W166987326","https://openalex.org/W363727298","https://openalex.org/W378131650","https://openalex.org/W560468968","https://openalex.org/W584107296","https://openalex.org/W1573711558","https://openalex.org/W1588483841","https://openalex.org/W1643667293","https://openalex.org/W1657185118","https://openalex.org/W1811698798","https://openalex.org/W1946502339","https://openalex.org/W1965635909","https://openalex.org/W1967508591","https://openalex.org/W1971674988","https://openalex.org/W1980511095","https://openalex.org/W1986639834","https://openalex.org/W1999177660","https://openalex.org/W2008368291","https://openalex.org/W2014237949","https://openalex.org/W2020387169","https://openalex.org/W2026018772","https://openalex.org/W2031954515","https://openalex.org/W2032783036","https://openalex.org/W2040453267","https://openalex.org/W2046431028","https://openalex.org/W2048437818","https://openalex.org/W2048932983","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2059748045","https://openalex.org/W2071118446","https://openalex.org/W2071429826","https://openalex.org/W2083745195","https://openalex.org/W2085858242","https://openalex.org/W2096746801","https://openalex.org/W2102588894","https://openalex.org/W2129061439","https://openalex.org/W2130515887","https://openalex.org/W2135033574","https://openalex.org/W2153153620","https://openalex.org/W2154993193","https://openalex.org/W2156099646","https://openalex.org/W2163444260","https://openalex.org/W2166592825","https://openalex.org/W2400275416","https://openalex.org/W2890233250","https://openalex.org/W2973522781","https://openalex.org/W4230408609"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2726060857","https://openalex.org/W272253651","https://openalex.org/W4400186244","https://openalex.org/W6907993286","https://openalex.org/W2049788519","https://openalex.org/W6926957116","https://openalex.org/W610831663","https://openalex.org/W2102298581","https://openalex.org/W2731321957","https://openalex.org/W619421449"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Learning":[0],"disabled":[1],"(LD)":[2],"children":[3,32,88,127],"are":[4,160],"often":[5],"targets":[6],"for":[7,141,154],"cognitive-behavioral":[8],"interventions":[9],"designed":[10],"to":[11,27,51,104],"train":[12],"them":[13],"in":[14,37,80],"effective":[15],"use":[16],"of":[17,23,45,55,86,90,115,146],"a":[18,84,113,116],"self-directed":[19],"speech.":[20],"The":[21],"purpose":[22],"this":[24],"study":[25],"was":[26,95,138,149],"determine":[28,105],"if,":[29],"indeed,":[30],"these":[31],"display":[33],"immature":[34,109],"private":[35,47,110,131,147],"speech":[36,111,132,148],"the":[38,46,81,107,142],"naturalistic":[39],"classroom":[40,70],"setting.":[41],"Comparisons":[42],"were":[43,66],"made":[44],"speech,":[48],"motor":[49],"accompaniment":[50],"task,":[52],"and":[53,57,77,100,151,156],"attention":[54],"LD":[56,87,99,126],"normally":[58,101],"achieving":[59,102],"classmates":[60],"during":[61,74],"academic":[62,75],"seatwork.":[63],"Setting":[64],"effects":[65],"examined":[67],"by":[68],"comparing":[69],"data":[71],"with":[72,97],"observations":[73],"seatwork":[76],"puzzle":[78],"solving":[79],"laboratory.":[82],"Finally,":[83],"subgroup":[85],"symptomatic":[89],"attention-deficit":[91],"hyperactivity":[92],"disorder":[93],"(ADHD)":[94],"compared":[96],"pure":[98],"controls":[103],"if":[106],"presumed":[108],"is":[112],"function":[114],"learning":[117],"disability":[118],"or":[119],"externalizing":[120],"behavior":[121],"problems.":[122],"Results":[123],"indicated":[124],"that":[125,137],"used":[128],"more":[129],"task-relevant":[130],"than":[133],"controls,":[134],"an":[135],"effect":[136],"especially":[139],"pronounced":[140],"LD/ADHD":[143],"subgroup.":[144],"Use":[145],"setting-":[150],"task-specific.":[152],"Implications":[153],"intervention":[155],"future":[157],"research":[158],"methodology":[159],"discussed.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}