{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4231369860","doi":"https://doi.org/10.35765/forphil.1997.0201.6","title":"Biological adaptation: dependence or independence from environment?","display_name":"Biological adaptation: dependence or independence from environment?","publication_year":1970,"publication_date":"1970-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4231369860","doi":"https://doi.org/10.35765/forphil.1997.0201.6"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.35765/forphil.1997.0201.6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.35765/forphil.1997.0201.6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.35765/forphil.1997.0201.6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207360","display_name":"Forum Philosophicum","issn_l":"1426-1898","issn":["1426-1898","2353-7043"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","ddh","doaj","erih-plus","poland-100","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317300","host_organization_name":"Jesuit University of Philosophy and Education Ignatianum","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317300"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Jesuit University of Philosophy and Education Ignatianum"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Forum Philosophicum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.35765/forphil.1997.0201.6","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062388296","display_name":"Jolanta Koszteyn","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jolanta Koszteyn","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112791778","display_name":"Piotr Lenartowicz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Piotr Lenartowicz","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5131291,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"1","first_page":"71","last_page":"102"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12182","display_name":"Evolution and Science Education","score":0.0026000000070780516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.002300000051036477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-adaptation","display_name":"biological adaptation","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-dependence","display_name":"environmental dependence","score":0.49000000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neo-darwinism","display_name":"neo-Darwinism","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-mutation","display_name":"random mutation","score":0.5799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-selection","display_name":"natural selection","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/origin-of-life","display_name":"origin of life","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/special-creation","display_name":"special creation","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/argument-from-design","display_name":"design argument","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-theology","display_name":"natural theology","score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-theory","display_name":"evolutionary theory","score":0.44200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy-of-biology","display_name":"philosophy of biology","score":0.6290000081062317}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776211767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117850","display_name":"Doctrine","level":2,"score":0.9105830192565918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.7049049735069275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.6682947278022766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6654712557792664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.6184102892875671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777278149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916183","display_name":"Conviction","level":2,"score":0.5918879508972168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35651441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625303","display_name":"Independence (probability theory)","level":2,"score":0.5547764897346497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75268714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43478","display_name":"Natural selection","level":3,"score":0.45154261589050293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95124753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875686","display_name":"Environmental ethics","level":1,"score":0.4202059507369995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.36437612771987915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.29879122972488403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.24221420288085938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.24050414562225342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.15180858969688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13096359372138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.13039013743400574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.0779350996017456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.07352325320243835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.35765/forphil.1997.0201.6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.35765/forphil.1997.0201.6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.35765/forphil.1997.0201.6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207360","display_name":"Forum Philosophicum","issn_l":"1426-1898","issn":["1426-1898","2353-7043"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","ddh","doaj","erih-plus","poland-100","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317300","host_organization_name":"Jesuit University of Philosophy and Education Ignatianum","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317300"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Jesuit University of Philosophy and Education Ignatianum"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Forum Philosophicum","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.35765/forphil.1997.0201.6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.35765/forphil.1997.0201.6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.35765/forphil.1997.0201.6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207360","display_name":"Forum Philosophicum","issn_l":"1426-1898","issn":["1426-1898","2353-7043"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","ddh","doaj","erih-plus","poland-100","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317300","host_organization_name":"Jesuit University of Philosophy and Education Ignatianum","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317300"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Jesuit University of Philosophy and Education Ignatianum"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Forum Philosophicum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4205140309","https://openalex.org/W2481671664","https://openalex.org/W4246368072","https://openalex.org/W3123994035","https://openalex.org/W1526624109","https://openalex.org/W4315781011","https://openalex.org/W3140203937","https://openalex.org/W2766673541","https://openalex.org/W4240182664","https://openalex.org/W2107583104"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Since":[0],"more":[1],"than":[2],"hundred":[3],"years":[4],"the":[5,12,30,47,61,64,76,79,83,106,115,132,139,148],"attempts":[6],"to":[7,97,125,129],"explain":[8],"biological":[9,111],"adaptations":[10,43],"constitute":[11],"main":[13,109],"current":[14],"of":[15,26,32,34,46,49,63,73,78,86,108,117,120,131,138,144,154,164],"evolutionary":[16],"thinking.":[17],"In":[18],"1901":[19],"C.":[20],"LI.":[21],"Morgan":[22],"wrote:":[23],"\u201eThe":[24],"doctrine":[25,39,72,146],"evolution":[27],"has":[28],"rendered":[29],"study":[31],"adaptation":[33],"scientific":[35],"importance.":[36],"Before":[37],"that":[38,151],"was":[40],"formulated,":[41],"natural":[42,58],"formed":[44],"part":[45],"mystery":[48],"special":[50],"creation,":[51],"and":[52,113,128,161],"played":[53],"a":[54,157],"great":[55],"role":[56,123],"in":[57,68,81,105,114],"theology":[59],"through":[60],"use":[62],"argument":[65],"from":[66],"'design":[67],"nature\u2019\".":[69],"The":[70,122],"modem":[71],"biology":[74],"stresses":[75],"importance":[77],"environment":[80],"\u201eshaping\"":[82],"inner":[84],"properties":[85],"every":[87],"living":[88],"being.":[89],"This":[90],"means":[91],"an":[92],"obvious":[93],"although":[94],"tacit":[95],"refusal":[96],"assume":[98],"or":[99],"recognize":[100],"any":[101],"single,":[102],"integrated":[103],"agent":[104],"origin":[107],"functional":[110],"traits":[112],"genesis":[116],"new":[118],"kinds":[119],"life.":[121],"ascribed":[124],"random":[126,160],"mutations,":[127],"\u201epressures":[130],"environment\"":[133],"is":[134,147],"just":[135],"one":[136],"aspect":[137,143],"neodarwinian":[140],"theory.":[141],"Another":[142],"this":[145],"widespread":[149],"conviction":[150],"all":[152],"phenomena":[153],"life":[155],"are":[156],"natural,":[158],"both":[159],"necessary":[162],"result":[163],"interactions":[165],"between":[166],"constantly":[167],"changing":[168],"material":[169],"objects.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-27T15:51:10.671819","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}
