{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226445845","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04070-6","title":"Central composite rotatable design for optimization of trihalomethane extraction and detection through gas chromatography: a case study","display_name":"Central composite rotatable design for optimization of trihalomethane extraction and detection through gas chromatography: a case study","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226445845","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04070-6"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13762-022-04070-6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04070-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04070-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13762-022-04070-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S85680945","display_name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","issn_l":"1735-1472","issn":["1735-1472","1735-2630"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13762-022-04070-6.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063510896","display_name":"Sajida Rasheed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6518-5136","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6518-5136"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405256741","display_name":"University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir","ror":"https://ror.org/04g9wgp02","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405256741"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["GB","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Rasheed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biotechnology, University of Kotli (UoK) Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Kotli, Pakistan","Dept. Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, Gower St, London, WC1E 6BT, UK","Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (IESE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 sector, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6518-5136","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biotechnology, University of Kotli (UoK) Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Kotli, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405256741"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, Gower St, London, WC1E 6BT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (IESE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 sector, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077684626","display_name":"Imran Hashmi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. Hashmi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (IESE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 sector, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (IESE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 sector, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102981554","display_name":"Qizhi Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5351-8493","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5351-8493"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Q. Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, Gower St, London, WC1E 6BT, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, Gower St, London, WC1E 6BT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100764992","display_name":"Jong-Kyu Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3106-2859","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3106-2859"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094357","display_name":"Shinhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/00sc0e019","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094357"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. K. Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil, Urban and Real Estate Development, Shinhan University, Uijeongbu, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil, Urban and Real Estate Development, Shinhan University, Uijeongbu, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094357"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075617174","display_name":"Luiza C. Campos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2714-7358","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2714-7358"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"L. C. Campos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, Gower St, London, WC1E 6BT, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2714-7358","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, Gower St, London, WC1E 6BT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075617174"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":{"value":3390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3390},"apc_paid":{"value":3390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3390},"fwci":1.6205,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80412701,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"2","first_page":"1185","last_page":"1198"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11493","display_name":"Water Treatment and Disinfection","score":0.8881999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11493","display_name":"Water Treatment and Disinfection","score":0.8881999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11798","display_name":"Optimal Experimental Design Methods","score":0.0421999990940094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13793","display_name":"Environmental and Analytical Chemistry Studies","score":0.014999999664723873,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trihalomethanes","display_name":"trihalomethanes","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drinking-water","display_name":"drinking water","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liquid-liquid-extraction","display_name":"liquid-liquid extraction","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extraction-optimization","display_name":"extraction optimization","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salt-addition","display_name":"salt addition","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature-gradient","display_name":"temperature gradient","score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ramp-function","display_name":"ramp function","score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gas-chromatography","display_name":"gas chromatography","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-distribution-networks","display_name":"water distribution systems","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disinfection-by-products","display_name":"disinfection by-products","score":0.699999988079071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777226368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127488","display_name":"Trihalomethane","level":3,"score":0.9346578121185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92397422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5062082","display_name":"Central composite design","level":3,"score":0.8056192398071289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4725764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844704","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.7502866387367249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150077022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3136137","display_name":"Response surface methodology","level":2,"score":0.5617269277572632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.5360316038131714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776371256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12370","display_name":"Salt (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.49196669459342957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123460561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677065","display_name":"Gas chromatography","level":2,"score":0.4454096257686615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104779481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50707","display_name":"Composite number","level":2,"score":0.443376362323761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.41253986954689026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528095902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886","display_name":"Pulp and paper industry","level":1,"score":0.3676247298717499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.35141584277153015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.33845454454421997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190960625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058719","display_name":"Water treatment","level":2,"score":0.3120075464248657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.22307661175727844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.1278710961341858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09200826287269592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13762-022-04070-6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04070-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04070-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13762-022-04070-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S85680945","display_name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","issn_l":"1735-1472","issn":["1735-1472","1735-2630"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10146835","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10146835/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (2022) (In press).","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13762-022-04070-6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04070-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04070-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13762-022-04070-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S85680945","display_name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","issn_l":"1735-1472","issn":["1735-1472","1735-2630"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.6618000268936157}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326275","display_name":"Higher Education Commision, Pakistan","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226445845.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226445845.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1527879125","https://openalex.org/W1924555172","https://openalex.org/W1968087737","https://openalex.org/W1974466265","https://openalex.org/W1974776039","https://openalex.org/W1976029191","https://openalex.org/W1980678753","https://openalex.org/W1980825292","https://openalex.org/W1982011312","https://openalex.org/W1983176982","https://openalex.org/W1988764525","https://openalex.org/W1989120600","https://openalex.org/W1990377115","https://openalex.org/W1991771952","https://openalex.org/W1999297713","https://openalex.org/W2013633476","https://openalex.org/W2017817599","https://openalex.org/W2022644182","https://openalex.org/W2023574464","https://openalex.org/W2024858621","https://openalex.org/W2032723528","https://openalex.org/W2043108283","https://openalex.org/W2043270845","https://openalex.org/W2045453898","https://openalex.org/W2045737387","https://openalex.org/W2045884518","https://openalex.org/W2049343447","https://openalex.org/W2049992397","https://openalex.org/W2051693546","https://openalex.org/W2059082607","https://openalex.org/W2070024989","https://openalex.org/W2079585607","https://openalex.org/W2080596617","https://openalex.org/W2080622950","https://openalex.org/W2089368844","https://openalex.org/W2096414909","https://openalex.org/W2102896508","https://openalex.org/W2103073276","https://openalex.org/W2115151618","https://openalex.org/W2123886761","https://openalex.org/W2142387000","https://openalex.org/W2164159809","https://openalex.org/W2184603257","https://openalex.org/W2259107538","https://openalex.org/W2260180631","https://openalex.org/W2267171660","https://openalex.org/W2290894266","https://openalex.org/W2336898969","https://openalex.org/W2336955227","https://openalex.org/W2463391008","https://openalex.org/W2538799131","https://openalex.org/W2586868254","https://openalex.org/W2740002046","https://openalex.org/W2749075453","https://openalex.org/W2755581807","https://openalex.org/W2759536817","https://openalex.org/W2774491274","https://openalex.org/W2790283639","https://openalex.org/W2797021986","https://openalex.org/W2799959381","https://openalex.org/W2886624878","https://openalex.org/W2925090546","https://openalex.org/W3009623238","https://openalex.org/W3016821584","https://openalex.org/W3018112501","https://openalex.org/W3138984884"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2050624806","https://openalex.org/W2142967492","https://openalex.org/W1974776039","https://openalex.org/W1987754834","https://openalex.org/W2045453898","https://openalex.org/W1980746005","https://openalex.org/W7018450049","https://openalex.org/W1589069135","https://openalex.org/W7120312566","https://openalex.org/W1546807802"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Central":[1],"composite":[2,86],"rotatable":[3,87],"design":[4,81,88],"(CCRD)":[5],"was":[6,57,104,108,136,149,179],"employed":[7],"to":[8,110,169],"optimize":[9],"initial":[10,144,161],"temperature":[11,107,145,162],"(\u00baC),":[12],"ramp":[13,117,135],"function":[14,118,157],"(\u00baC/min)":[15],"and":[16,44,70,89,122,134,146,172,183],"salt":[17,123,132,147,175],"addition":[18,124,133,148],"for":[19,50,67,93,189],"trihalomethane":[20,51,191],"extraction/quantification":[21],"from":[22,38],"the":[23,39,186,197,202],"drinking":[24],"water":[25,34],"distribution":[26],"network":[27],"in":[28,75,201],"Ratta":[29],"Amral,":[30],"Rawalpindi.,":[31],"Pakistan.":[32],"Drinking":[33],"samples":[35],"were":[36,73,91,128,176],"collected":[37],"treatment":[40,199],"plant,":[41],"overhead":[42],"reservoir":[43],"consumer\u2019s":[45],"taps.":[46],"The":[47,62],"USEPA":[48],"method":[49],"detection":[52,192],"551.1":[53],"via":[54],"gas":[55],"chromatography":[56],"applied":[58],"using":[59],"liquid\u2013liquid":[60],"extraction.":[61],"experiments":[63],"with":[64],"input":[65],"variables":[66],"sample":[68],"preparation":[69],"operational":[71],"conditions":[72],"performed":[74],"a":[76,155],"randomized":[77],"order":[78],"as":[79],"per":[80],"of":[82,131,143,158,163,185,196],"experiment":[83],"by":[84],"central":[85],"responses":[90],"evaluated":[92],"model":[94,103],"development.":[95],"A":[96],"significant":[97,137],"(p":[98,113,119,125,138,151],"=":[99,114,120,126,139,152],"0.005)":[100],"two-factor":[101],"interaction":[102],"optimized.":[105,177],"Initial":[106],"observed":[109],"be":[111],"insignificant":[112,150],"0.64),":[115],"while":[116,141],"0.0043)":[121],"0.04)":[127],"significant.":[129],"Product":[130],"0.004),":[140],"product":[142],"0.008).":[153],"With":[154],"desirability":[156],"0.97,":[159],"an":[160],"50":[164],"\u00baC,":[165],"6":[166],"\u00baC":[167,171],"rise/min":[168],"180":[170],"0.5":[173],"g":[174],"It":[178],"found":[180],"that":[181],"development":[182],"optimization":[184,195],"analytical":[187],"methods":[188],"rapid":[190],"would":[193],"improve":[194],"current":[198],"practices":[200],"country.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2022-05-05T00:00:00"}