{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4225620102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0483.21","title":"Board of Certification Examination Achievement Gaps as a Barrier to Diversifying the Athletic Training Profession","display_name":"Board of Certification Examination Achievement Gaps as a Barrier to Diversifying the Athletic Training Profession","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4225620102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0483.21","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35380697","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9913058"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4085/1062-6050-0483.21","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0483.21","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0483.21","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S143305869","display_name":"Journal of Athletic Training","issn_l":"1062-6050","issn":["1062-6050","1938-162X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4324034529","host_organization_name":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4324034529"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Athletic Trainers' Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Athletic Training","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0483.21","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084679836","display_name":"Nicolette Annette Harris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0400-3035","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0400-3035"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4584351","display_name":"A.T. Still University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hr6q169","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4584351"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicolette A. Harris","raw_affiliation_strings":["*Arizona School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa","Dr. Nicolette A. Harris is an Assistant Professor in the Arizona School of Health Sciences at A.T. Still University. Additionally, she holds the position of Director of Student Recruitment for the Athletic Training Department"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"*Arizona School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4584351"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dr. Nicolette A. Harris is an Assistant Professor in the Arizona School of Health Sciences at A.T. Still University. Additionally, she holds the position of Director of Student Recruitment for the Athletic Training Department","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4584351"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111767382","display_name":"Lindsey E. Eberman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86420138","display_name":"Indiana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f8man71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86420138"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lindsey E. Eberman","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u2020Applied Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, College of Health and Human Services, Indiana State University, Terre Haute","Dr. Lindsey E. Eberman is an Associate Professor in the Applied Medicine and Rehabilitation Department within the College of Health and Human Services at Indiana State University. Furthermore, she holds the position of Director for the Post-Professional Doctorate in Athletic Training Program"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u2020Applied Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, College of Health and Human Services, Indiana State University, Terre Haute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86420138"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dr. Lindsey E. Eberman is an Associate Professor in the Applied Medicine and Rehabilitation Department within the College of Health and Human Services at Indiana State University. Furthermore, she holds the position of Director for the Post-Professional Doctorate in Athletic Training Program","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86420138"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1892,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75548729,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"58","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14407","display_name":"Athletic Training and Education","score":0.7821999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14407","display_name":"Athletic Training and Education","score":0.7821999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10843","display_name":"Diversity and Career in Medicine","score":0.19210000336170197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12602","display_name":"Medical Education and Admissions","score":0.007000000216066837,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/achievement-gap","display_name":"achievement gap","score":0.421999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-disparities","display_name":"racial disparities","score":0.49799999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-american-candidates","display_name":"African American candidates","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exam-pass-rate","display_name":"exam pass rates","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/athletic-training-education","display_name":"athletic training education","score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workplace-diversity","display_name":"workplace diversity","score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/certification-exam","display_name":"certification examination","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/professional-master-s-programs","display_name":"professional master's programs","score":0.5049999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.6466482877731323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.597221851348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780530410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18349222","display_name":"Credentialing","level":2,"score":0.5607680678367615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5468035936355591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46304622","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374814","display_name":"Certification","level":2,"score":0.5430140495300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82789193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142611","display_name":"Relative risk","level":3,"score":0.433102011680603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910734998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25305118","display_name":"Underrepresented Minority","level":2,"score":0.4312220811843872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987028688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49085","display_name":"African american","level":2,"score":0.4145389199256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.3459567427635193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.3350250720977783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.32286369800567627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.32159024477005005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.18614360690116882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.17562377452850342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.09595456719398499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.08632352948188782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2549261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43455","display_name":"Ethnology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002568","descriptor_name":"Certification","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004521","descriptor_name":"Educational Measurement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005006","descriptor_name":"Ethnicity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008913","descriptor_name":"Minority Groups","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013177","descriptor_name":"Sports","qualifier_ui":"Q000193","qualifier_name":"education","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4085/1062-6050-0483.21","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0483.21","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0483.21","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S143305869","display_name":"Journal of Athletic Training","issn_l":"1062-6050","issn":["1062-6050","1938-162X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4324034529","host_organization_name":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4324034529"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Athletic Trainers' Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Athletic Training","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35380697","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35380697","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of athletic training","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9913058","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9913058/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Athl Train","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4085/1062-6050-0483.21","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0483.21","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0483.21","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S143305869","display_name":"Journal of Athletic Training","issn_l":"1062-6050","issn":["1062-6050","1938-162X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4324034529","host_organization_name":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4324034529"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Athletic Trainers' Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Athletic Training","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.9629999995231628,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.6240000128746033,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4156000018119812,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W95235772","https://openalex.org/W1977098460","https://openalex.org/W1977209092","https://openalex.org/W1979594809","https://openalex.org/W2008779646","https://openalex.org/W2034596024","https://openalex.org/W2097454301","https://openalex.org/W2123871380","https://openalex.org/W2137276744","https://openalex.org/W2161891285","https://openalex.org/W2163749674","https://openalex.org/W2164229200","https://openalex.org/W2169183312","https://openalex.org/W2317610227","https://openalex.org/W2325781243","https://openalex.org/W2406060157","https://openalex.org/W2980814634","https://openalex.org/W3130603809","https://openalex.org/W3165583501","https://openalex.org/W3203584862","https://openalex.org/W4234141984"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4390672008","https://openalex.org/W2794684897","https://openalex.org/W3088470020","https://openalex.org/W1513431485","https://openalex.org/W4395450552","https://openalex.org/W2980814634","https://openalex.org/W618669680","https://openalex.org/W611916275","https://openalex.org/W2001483493","https://openalex.org/W7202181780"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"CONTEXT:":[0],"Achievement":[1,257],"gaps":[2,258],"have":[3,15],"been":[4],"well":[5],"documented":[6],"in":[7,29,269,282],"the":[8,38,52,91,96,106,151,230,274,288],"medical":[9],"and":[10,45,47,88,115,169,212,263,285],"health":[11],"professions.":[12],"Previous":[13],"researchers":[14],"indicated":[16],"that":[17],"individuals":[18],"from":[19,265],"underrepresented":[20],"minority":[21,267],"groups":[22,268],"consistently":[23],"fall":[24],"short":[25],"of":[26,41,54,74,85,90,95,111,160,188,233,273],"White":[27,123,154,199,242,261],"candidates":[28,77,120,155,165,171,243,262],"performance":[30],"on":[31,51,287],"standardized":[32],"credentialing":[33],"examinations.":[34],"OBJECTIVE:":[35],"To":[36],"determine":[37],"relative":[39,186,231],"risk":[40,187,201,215,232,245],"failure":[42,190,235],"by":[43,105],"ethnicity":[44,132],"first-time":[46,176],"retake":[48],"pass":[49,177],"rates":[50],"Board":[53],"Certification":[55],"(BOC)":[56],"examination.":[57,98,290],"DESIGN:":[58],"Descriptive":[59],"study.":[60],"SETTING:":[61],"Professional":[62],"master's":[63],"degree":[64],"athletic":[65,270,275],"training":[66,276],"programs.":[67],"PATIENTS":[68],"OR":[69],"OTHER":[70],"PARTICIPANTS:":[71],"A":[72],"total":[73],"3742":[75],"unique":[76],"with":[78],"4425":[79],"attempts":[80],"between":[81,260],"examination":[82],"windows":[83],"1":[84],"2011-2012":[86],"(April)":[87],"5":[89],"2019-2020":[92],"(February)":[93],"cycle":[94],"BOC":[97,289],"MAIN":[99],"OUTCOME":[100],"MEASURE(S):":[101],"Ethnicity":[102],"as":[103,122],"self-selected":[104],"candidates,":[107,229],"attempt":[108],"number,":[109],"result":[110],"each":[112],"attempt,":[113,153],"year,":[114],"testing":[116],"window.":[117],"RESULTS:":[118],"Examination":[119],"self-identified":[121],"(60.4%,":[124],"n":[125,135,140,147],"=":[126,136,141,148,182,202,206,216,220,246,250],"2261/3742),":[127],"unknown":[128],"(ie,":[129],"withheld":[130],"an":[131],"selection;":[133],"10.6%,":[134],"395/3742),":[137],"Hispanic":[138,170,213,228],"(8.6%,":[139],"320/3742),":[142],"or":[143],"African":[144,163,194],"American":[145,164],"(8.4%,":[146],"313/3742).":[149],"On":[150],"first":[152],"passed":[156],"at":[157,166,172],"a":[158],"rate":[159,178],"93.2%":[161],"(2107/2261),":[162],"74.8%":[167],"(234/313),":[168],"86.9%":[173],"(278/320;":[174],"overall":[175],"for":[179,193,197,241,284],"this":[180],"subsample":[181],"90.5%,":[183],"2619/2894).":[184],"The":[185],"first-attempt":[189,234],"was":[191,236],"higher":[192],"Americans":[195],"than":[196,240],"both":[198],"(relative":[200,214,244],"3.706,":[203],"95%":[204,218,248],"CI":[205,219,249],"2.903,":[207],"4.730;":[208],"P":[209,223,253],"<":[210,254],".001)":[211,225],"1.923,":[217],"1.368,":[221],"2.703;":[222],">":[224],"candidates.":[226],"For":[227],"about":[237],"50%":[238],"lower":[239],"0.519,":[247],"0.377,":[251],"0.715;":[252],".001).":[255],"CONCLUSIONS:":[256],"existed":[259],"those":[264],"ethnic":[266],"training.":[271],"Diversification":[272],"workforce":[277],"will":[278],"require":[279],"ensuring":[280],"equity":[281],"preparation":[283],"success":[286]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2022-05-05T00:00:00"}
