{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4225529261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2116429119","title":"Freeze-thaw cycles enable a prebiotically plausible and continuous pathway from nucleotide activation to nonenzymatic RNA copying","display_name":"Freeze-thaw cycles enable a prebiotically plausible and continuous pathway from nucleotide activation to nonenzymatic RNA copying","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4225529261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2116429119","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35446612","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9169909"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.2116429119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2116429119","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2116429119","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2116429119","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027721257","display_name":"Stephanie J. Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6308-5257","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6308-5257"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087915","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405271026","display_name":"Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01qt3xv71","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405271026"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephanie J. Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138","Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I4405271026"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052534474","display_name":"Daniel Duzdevich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8225-6071","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8225-6071"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1344073410","display_name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/006w34k90","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1344073410"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087915","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405271026","display_name":"Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01qt3xv71","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405271026"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Duzdevich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114","Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8225-6071","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I4405271026"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1344073410","https://openalex.org/I4210087915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077669722","display_name":"Dian Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9046-7816","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9046-7816"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087915","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405271026","display_name":"Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01qt3xv71","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405271026"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dian Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138","Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I4405271026"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023274897","display_name":"Jack W. Szostak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4131-1203","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4131-1203"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1344073410","display_name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/006w34k90","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1344073410"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087915","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405271026","display_name":"Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01qt3xv71","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405271026"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jack W. Szostak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138","Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114","Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4131-1203","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I4405271026"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1344073410","https://openalex.org/I4210087915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023274897"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1344073410","https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I4405271026"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0453,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9562657,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"119","issue":"17","first_page":"e2116429119","last_page":"e2116429119"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11445","display_name":"Origins and Evolution of Life","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11445","display_name":"Origins and Evolution of Life","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10521","display_name":"RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10432","display_name":"DNA and Nucleic Acid Chemistry","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prebiotic-chemistry","display_name":"prebiotic chemistry","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/freeze-thaw-cycles","display_name":"freeze-thaw cycles","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nucleotide-activation","display_name":"nucleotide activation","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/methyl-isocyanide","display_name":"methyl isocyanide","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2-aminoimidazole","display_name":"2-aminoimidazole","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-earth","display_name":"early Earth","score":0.492000013589859}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512185932","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28745","display_name":"Nucleotide","level":3,"score":0.8051577806472778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67705224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11053","display_name":"RNA","level":3,"score":0.7411172389984131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.5796676278114319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779151265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156791","display_name":"Copying","level":2,"score":0.5387121438980103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98892162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422484","display_name":"Ribonucleotide","level":4,"score":0.519913375377655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.40826523303985596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21951064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899212","display_name":"Combinatorial chemistry","level":1,"score":0.39927947521209717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.3758297562599182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.34549465775489807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71240020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186011","display_name":"Stereochemistry","level":1,"score":0.3361499309539795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.2852957546710968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.11361461877822876}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D009711","descriptor_name":"Nucleotides","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009711","descriptor_name":"Nucleotides","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012313","descriptor_name":"RNA","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012313","descriptor_name":"RNA","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D058105","descriptor_name":"Polymerization","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.2116429119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2116429119","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2116429119","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1101/2021.09.07.459201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.09.07.459201","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.09.07.459201","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/09/07/2021.09.07.459201.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9169909","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9169909","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:35446612","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35446612","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.2116429119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2116429119","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2116429119","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1199762839","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CHE-1607034","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337393","funder_display_name":"Division of Chemistry"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2648730350","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"290363","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306164","funder_display_name":"Simons Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5914513919","display_name":"Non-Enzymatic RNA Replication","funder_award_id":"1607034","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7613332699","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1607034","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337393","funder_display_name":"Division of Chemistry"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306082","display_name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/006w34k90"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306164","display_name":"Simons Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/01cmst727"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337393","display_name":"Division of Chemistry","ror":"https://ror.org/01ar8dr59"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4225529261.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4225529261.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965536869","https://openalex.org/W1977435397","https://openalex.org/W1977455877","https://openalex.org/W1982170592","https://openalex.org/W1990942508","https://openalex.org/W2008753573","https://openalex.org/W2024491884","https://openalex.org/W2035016120","https://openalex.org/W2040480490","https://openalex.org/W2046558616","https://openalex.org/W2062019095","https://openalex.org/W2075152880","https://openalex.org/W2075400044","https://openalex.org/W2107746141","https://openalex.org/W2112309441","https://openalex.org/W2135193550","https://openalex.org/W2152078655","https://openalex.org/W2170383587","https://openalex.org/W2317913417","https://openalex.org/W2467190354","https://openalex.org/W2512565170","https://openalex.org/W2583079108","https://openalex.org/W2583847257","https://openalex.org/W2762359702","https://openalex.org/W2804804665","https://openalex.org/W2810582007","https://openalex.org/W2950624535","https://openalex.org/W2951257050","https://openalex.org/W2996553307","https://openalex.org/W3026334186","https://openalex.org/W3027757179","https://openalex.org/W3049126441","https://openalex.org/W3133880449","https://openalex.org/W3137797076","https://openalex.org/W4206447438"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4378746493","https://openalex.org/W3025679535","https://openalex.org/W3049126441","https://openalex.org/W4210360699","https://openalex.org/W2467190354","https://openalex.org/W4378533229","https://openalex.org/W4285043588","https://openalex.org/W4412977544","https://openalex.org/W2035868417","https://openalex.org/W2135676218"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Nonenzymatic":[1],"template-directed":[2,72,182],"RNA":[3,53,117,215,222,250,269],"copying":[4,118],"using":[5],"chemically":[6],"activated":[7,169],"nucleotides":[8],"is":[9,113,179],"thought":[10],"to":[11,43,52,249],"have":[12,40,96,204,230,252,294],"played":[13,205],"a":[14,98,263,274],"key":[15,244,264],"role":[16,208],"in":[17,84,185,209,255,296],"the":[18,24,31,47,107,120,125,130,133,152,164,186,194,224,232,239,247,299],"emergence":[19],"of":[20,35,46,68,90,110,124,132,156,167,200,221,226,234,241,262,304],"genetic":[21],"information":[22],"on":[23,246],"early":[25],"Earth.":[26],"A":[27],"longstanding":[28],"question":[29],"concerns":[30],"number":[32],"and":[33,71,196,213,267],"nature":[34,297],"different":[36],"environments":[37],"that":[38,77,144,193],"might":[39],"been":[41,253],"necessary":[42],"enable":[44],"all":[45,78],"steps":[48,60,80,245],"from":[49,61],"nucleotide":[50,65,103,211,259],"synthesis":[51,67,261],"replication.":[54],"Here":[55,141,271],"we":[56,142,272],"explore":[57],"three":[58,79],"sequential":[59],"this":[62,111,175,290],"overall":[63],"pathway:":[64],"activation,":[66,260],"imidazolium-bridged":[69,135,172],"dinucleotides,":[70],"primer":[73,139,183],"extension.":[74,140],"We":[75],"find":[76],"can":[81,282],"take":[82],"place":[83],"one":[85,176],"reaction":[86,188],"mixture,":[87],"under":[88,278,285],"conditions":[89,148],"multiple":[91],"freeze-thaw":[92,201],"cycles.":[93],"Recent":[94],"experiments":[95],"demonstrated":[97],"potentially":[99,293],"prebiotic":[100,210],"methyl":[101,153],"isocyanide-based":[102,154],"activation":[104,155,212],"chemistry.":[105],"Unfortunately,":[106],"original":[108],"version":[109],"approach":[112,178],"incompatible":[114],"with":[115,159,181],"nonenzymatic":[116,214,268],"because":[119],"high":[121],"required":[122],"concentration":[123],"imidazole":[126],"activating":[127],"group":[128],"prevents":[129],"accumulation":[131],"essential":[134],"dinucleotide":[136],"needed":[137],"for":[138,302],"report":[143,273],"ice":[145],"eutectic":[146],"phase":[147],"facilitate":[149],"not":[150],"only":[151],"ribonucleotide":[157],"5\u2032-monophosphates":[158],"stoichiometric":[160],"2-aminoimidazole,":[161],"but":[162],"also":[163],"subsequent":[165],"conversion":[166],"these":[168,280],"mononucleotides":[170],"into":[171],"dinucleotides.":[173],"Furthermore,":[174],"pot":[177],"compatible":[180,287],"extension":[184],"same":[187],"mixture.":[189],"Our":[190],"results":[191],"suggest":[192],"simple":[195],"common":[197],"environmental":[198],"fluctuation":[199],"cycles":[202],"could":[203,292],"an":[206],"important":[207],"copying.":[216,270],"Significance":[217],"Statement":[218],"The":[219],"replication":[220,251],"without":[223,298],"aid":[225],"evolved":[227],"enzymes":[228],"may":[229],"enabled":[231],"inheritance":[233],"useful":[235],"molecular":[236],"functions":[237],"during":[238],"origin":[240],"life.":[242],"Several":[243],"path":[248],"studied":[254],"isolation,":[256],"including":[257],"chemical":[258],"reactive":[265],"intermediate,":[266],"prebiotically":[275],"plausible":[276],"scenario":[277],"which":[279],"reactions":[281],"happen":[283],"together":[284],"mutually":[286],"conditions.":[288],"Thus,":[289],"pathway":[291],"operated":[295],"complicating":[300],"requirement":[301],"exchange":[303],"materials":[305],"between":[306],"distinct":[307],"environments.":[308]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2022-05-05T00:00:00"}
