{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4224325502","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051026","title":"Yield and Quality of Romaine Lettuce at Different Daily Light Integral in an Indoor Controlled Environment","display_name":"Yield and Quality of Romaine Lettuce at Different Daily Light Integral in an Indoor Controlled Environment","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4224325502","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051026"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/agronomy12051026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051026","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051026","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/5/1026/pdf?version=1650800493","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738977497","display_name":"Agronomy","issn_l":"2073-4395","issn":["2073-4395"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agronomy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/5/1026/pdf?version=1650800493","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078962922","display_name":"B. Matysiak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3892-6429","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3892-6429"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143856","display_name":"Instytut Ogrodnictwa \u2013 Pa\u0144stwowy Instytut Badawczy","ror":"https://ror.org/047xkjw67","country_code":"PL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143856"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo\u017cena Matysiak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Biology, The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3892-6429","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Biology, The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032106407","display_name":"Ewa Ropelewska","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8891-236X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8891-236X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143856","display_name":"Instytut Ogrodnictwa \u2013 Pa\u0144stwowy Instytut Badawczy","ror":"https://ror.org/047xkjw67","country_code":"PL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143856"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ewa Ropelewska","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fruit and Vegetable Storage and Processing Department, The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8891-236X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fruit and Vegetable Storage and Processing Department, The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032479772","display_name":"Anna Wrzodak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5472-888X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5472-888X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143856","display_name":"Instytut Ogrodnictwa \u2013 Pa\u0144stwowy Instytut Badawczy","ror":"https://ror.org/047xkjw67","country_code":"PL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143856"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Wrzodak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fruit and Vegetable Storage and Processing Department, The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5472-888X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fruit and Vegetable Storage and Processing Department, The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006674759","display_name":"Artur Kowalski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4279-4411","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4279-4411"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143856","display_name":"Instytut Ogrodnictwa \u2013 Pa\u0144stwowy Instytut Badawczy","ror":"https://ror.org/047xkjw67","country_code":"PL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143856"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Artur Kowalski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Vegetable Crops and Edible Mushroom, The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4279-4411","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Vegetable Crops and Edible Mushroom, The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143856"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017027247","display_name":"Stanis\u0142aw Kaniszewski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0611-8515","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0611-8515"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143856","display_name":"Instytut Ogrodnictwa \u2013 Pa\u0144stwowy Instytut Badawczy","ror":"https://ror.org/047xkjw67","country_code":"PL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143856"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stanis\u0142aw Kaniszewski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Vegetable Crops and Edible Mushroom, The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0611-8515","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Vegetable Crops and Edible Mushroom, The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143856"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032106407"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143856"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2094},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2094},"fwci":6.0594,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97420625,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"5","first_page":"1026","last_page":"1026"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11268","display_name":"Light effects on plants","score":0.9707000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11268","display_name":"Light effects on plants","score":0.9707000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12754","display_name":"Plant Growth and Agriculture Techniques","score":0.007000000216066837,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12093","display_name":"Greenhouse Technology and Climate Control","score":0.005900000222027302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/romaine-lettuce","display_name":"romaine lettuce","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/daily-light-integral","display_name":"daily light integral","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photosynthetic-photon-flux-density","display_name":"photosynthetic photon flux density","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/led-lighting","display_name":"LED lighting","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoperiod","display_name":"photoperiod","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lettuce-yield","display_name":"lettuce yield","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitrate-concentration","display_name":"nitrate content","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensory-quality","display_name":"sensory quality","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/texture-analysis","display_name":"texture analysis","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultivar-identification","display_name":"cultivar identification","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning-classification","display_name":"machine learning classification","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lettuce-cultivars","display_name":"lettuce cultivars","score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomass-production","display_name":"biomass production","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photosynthetic-performance","display_name":"photosynthetic performance","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/head-morphology","display_name":"head morphology","score":0.5299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fresh-weight","display_name":"fresh weight","score":0.32199999690055847}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778343920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578052","display_name":"Lactuca","level":2,"score":0.9066804051399231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55969652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q259028","display_name":"photoperiodism","level":2,"score":0.6336668729782104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144027150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48803","display_name":"Horticulture","level":1,"score":0.6329796314239502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197321923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4886","display_name":"Cultivar","level":2,"score":0.5324825644493103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178165689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156428","display_name":"Inflorescence","level":2,"score":0.5063673257827759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3735300898551941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3609127998352051}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/agronomy12051026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051026","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051026","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/5/1026/pdf?version=1650800493","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738977497","display_name":"Agronomy","issn_l":"2073-4395","issn":["2073-4395"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agronomy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f2458b843c9e48d69b36827c3f223ee0","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f2458b843c9e48d69b36827c3f223ee0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Agronomy, Vol 12, Iss 5, p 1026 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/agronomy12051026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051026","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051026","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/5/1026/pdf?version=1650800493","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738977497","display_name":"Agronomy","issn_l":"2073-4395","issn":["2073-4395"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agronomy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.958299994468689,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4124455718","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"POIR.01.01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335039","funder_display_name":"Narodowe Centrum Bada\u0144 i Rozwoju"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7408689958","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"POIR. 01.01.01-00-0579/19","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335039","funder_display_name":"Narodowe Centrum Bada\u0144 i Rozwoju"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335039","display_name":"Narodowe Centrum Bada\u0144 i Rozwoju","ror":"https://ror.org/05pwfyy15"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4224325502.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4224325502.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1891627395","https://openalex.org/W1965955819","https://openalex.org/W1971453924","https://openalex.org/W1975351372","https://openalex.org/W1985201300","https://openalex.org/W2055332506","https://openalex.org/W2058164160","https://openalex.org/W2074102891","https://openalex.org/W2205685479","https://openalex.org/W2259446604","https://openalex.org/W2311440533","https://openalex.org/W2314684244","https://openalex.org/W2324755567","https://openalex.org/W2341862935","https://openalex.org/W2345397987","https://openalex.org/W2404939340","https://openalex.org/W2487355627","https://openalex.org/W2528973407","https://openalex.org/W2562363823","https://openalex.org/W2612679297","https://openalex.org/W2766666963","https://openalex.org/W2891273319","https://openalex.org/W2913066349","https://openalex.org/W2922356803","https://openalex.org/W2968907940","https://openalex.org/W2979110806","https://openalex.org/W2979625774","https://openalex.org/W2979774355","https://openalex.org/W3008969501","https://openalex.org/W3033979816","https://openalex.org/W3039871443","https://openalex.org/W3094004814","https://openalex.org/W3094056872","https://openalex.org/W3097024509","https://openalex.org/W3116749462","https://openalex.org/W3118054424","https://openalex.org/W3120697286","https://openalex.org/W3122391591","https://openalex.org/W3128697904","https://openalex.org/W3128739249","https://openalex.org/W3131192012","https://openalex.org/W3137248784","https://openalex.org/W3157330185","https://openalex.org/W3165319944","https://openalex.org/W3196365168","https://openalex.org/W3204239912","https://openalex.org/W3204577296","https://openalex.org/W3210774563","https://openalex.org/W3211269036","https://openalex.org/W3212896072","https://openalex.org/W3214255207","https://openalex.org/W4205414765","https://openalex.org/W4210650765","https://openalex.org/W4214860529","https://openalex.org/W4220893048","https://openalex.org/W4231814838","https://openalex.org/W4251076590"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3039990558","https://openalex.org/W1963924667","https://openalex.org/W2343432021","https://openalex.org/W4313434512","https://openalex.org/W2976960622","https://openalex.org/W117080754","https://openalex.org/W4409114441","https://openalex.org/W2196649234","https://openalex.org/W1969980386","https://openalex.org/W1985201300"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"study,":[2],"the":[3,106,159,178,182,195,200,223,244,277,301],"effect":[4],"of":[5,33,42,69,78,148,158,184,191,280,303],"different":[6,252],"photosynthetic":[7,25],"photon":[8],"flux":[9],"density":[10],"(PPFD)":[11],"provided":[12],"by":[13,203],"LEDs":[14],"(Light":[15],"Emitting":[16],"Diodes)":[17],"and":[18,29,71,76,80,85,95,123,141,166,186,218,239,254,263,269,286,296],"photoperiod":[19,77,169,221,242,253],"on":[20],"biomass":[21],"production,":[22],"morphological":[23],"traits,":[24],"performance,":[26],"sensory":[27,226,246],"attributes,":[28],"image":[30,267],"texture":[31],"parameters":[32],"indoor":[34,152],"cultivated":[35],"romaine":[36,51,304,313],"lettuce":[37,43,52,210,231,283,314],"was":[38,198],"evaluated.":[39],"Two":[40],"cultivars":[41],"Lactuca":[44],"sativa":[45],"var.":[46],"longifolium":[47],"namely":[48],"\u2018Casual\u2019":[49,122,230,282],"(Syngenta)\u2014midi":[50],"with":[53,63],"medium-compact":[54],"heads\u2014and":[55],"\u2018Elizium\u2019":[56,131,209,289],"(Enza":[57],"Zaden)\u2014a":[58],"mini":[59],"type":[60],"(Little":[61],"Gem)":[62],"compact":[64],"heavy":[65],"heads\u2014were":[66],"used.":[67],"PPFD":[68,161,213,234,255],"160":[70,162,235],"240":[72,142,214],"\u00b5mol":[73,163,215,236],"m\u22122":[74,98,117,126,164,172,216,237],"s\u22121":[75,165,217,238],"16":[79,167,219],"20":[81,240],"h":[82,168,220,241],"were":[83,91,256],"applied,":[84],"Daily":[86],"Light":[87],"Integral":[88],"(DLI)":[89],"values":[90],"9.2,":[92],"11.5,":[93],"13.8,":[94],"17.3":[96,115],"mol":[97,116,125,171],"day\u22121.":[99],"The":[100,156,189,207,228,248,273,291],"experiment":[101],"lasted":[102],"30":[103,146],"days":[104,147],"in":[105,150,177,260,309,316],"Indoor":[107,318],"Controlled":[108,319],"Environment":[109],"Agriculture":[110],"facility.":[111,155],"DLI":[112,295],"equal":[113],"to":[114,133,251,311],"per":[118,127,173],"day":[119,128,174],"for":[120,129,276,287],"cv.":[121,130,208,229,281,288],"11.5\u201317.3":[124],"allowed":[132],"obtain":[134],"a":[135],"very":[136],"high":[137],"fresh":[138,180],"weight,":[139,181],"350":[140],"g,":[143],"respectively,":[144],"within":[145],"cultivation":[149],"an":[151,261,317],"plant":[153],"production":[154,315],"application":[157],"lowest":[160,179,196,245],"(9.2":[170],"DLI)":[175],"resulted":[176],"number":[183],"leaves":[185],"head":[187],"circumference.":[188],"level":[190],"nitrate,":[192],"even":[193],"at":[194,212,233],"DLI,":[197],"below":[199],"limit":[201],"imposed":[202],"European":[204],"Community":[205],"Regulation.":[206],"grown":[211,232],"had":[222,243],"highest":[224],"overall":[225],"quality.":[227,247],"samples":[249,279],"subjected":[250],"also":[257],"successively":[258],"distinguished":[259],"objective":[262],"non-destructive":[264],"way":[265],"using":[266],"features":[268],"machine":[270],"learning":[271],"algorithms.":[272],"average":[274],"accuracy":[275],"leaf":[278],"reached":[284],"98.75%":[285],"cultivar\u201486.25%.":[290],"obtained":[292],"relationship":[293],"between":[294],"yield,":[297],"as":[298,300],"well":[299],"quality":[302],"lettuce,":[305],"can":[306],"be":[307],"used":[308],"practice":[310],"improve":[312],"Environment.":[320]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2022-04-26T00:00:00"}