{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4224324813","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10659129221079862","title":"TRENDS: Diploma divide: Educational attainment and the realignment of the American electorate","display_name":"TRENDS: Diploma divide: Educational attainment and the realignment of the American electorate","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4224324813","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10659129221079862"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/10659129221079862","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10659129221079862","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10659129221079862","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108349823","display_name":"Political Research Quarterly","issn_l":"1065-9129","issn":["1065-9129","1938-274X","1938-2758"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Political Research Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056266805","display_name":"Joshua N. Zingher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3928-4269","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3928-4269"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joshua N Zingher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Political Science and Geography, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3928-4269","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Political Science and Geography, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056266805"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"],"apc_list":{"value":3250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3250},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":33.4661,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99684242,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"75","issue":"2","first_page":"263","last_page":"277"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13333","display_name":"American Political and Social Dynamics","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14181","display_name":"Academic Freedom and Politics","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-attainment","display_name":"educational attainment","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/college-graduates","display_name":"university graduates","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-cleavages","display_name":"political cleavages","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partisanship","display_name":"partisanship","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vote-choice","display_name":"vote choice","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/culture-wars","display_name":"culture wars","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-attitudes","display_name":"racial attitudes","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/american-electorate","display_name":"American electorate","score":0.5740000009536743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108154423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469792","display_name":"Salience (neuroscience)","level":2,"score":0.7844356298446655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779297142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276412","display_name":"Educational attainment","level":2,"score":0.7605530619621277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.5819523930549622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.5584323406219482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5176287293434143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5053963661193848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4853166937828064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4708627760410309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175156509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1990218","display_name":"Cleavage (geology)","level":3,"score":0.4120123088359833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.33373624086380005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2525503635406494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.20362216234207153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1727904975414276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.13917317986488342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.08918842673301697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43369102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2307625","display_name":"Fracture (geology)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/10659129221079862","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10659129221079862","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10659129221079862","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108349823","display_name":"Political Research Quarterly","issn_l":"1065-9129","issn":["1065-9129","1938-274X","1938-2758"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Political Research Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7307999730110168,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"score":0.6164000034332275,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"},{"score":0.47620001435279846,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W596577994","https://openalex.org/W980306965","https://openalex.org/W1534757324","https://openalex.org/W1552956615","https://openalex.org/W1594378426","https://openalex.org/W1595106591","https://openalex.org/W1602301738","https://openalex.org/W2007514939","https://openalex.org/W2014705508","https://openalex.org/W2029887656","https://openalex.org/W2100300922","https://openalex.org/W2101380808","https://openalex.org/W2111033378","https://openalex.org/W2114892875","https://openalex.org/W2135347062","https://openalex.org/W2136805110","https://openalex.org/W2160967990","https://openalex.org/W2166922903","https://openalex.org/W2171919272","https://openalex.org/W2491340113","https://openalex.org/W2606310029","https://openalex.org/W2758142480","https://openalex.org/W2761878304","https://openalex.org/W2795707226","https://openalex.org/W2795844998","https://openalex.org/W2800327997","https://openalex.org/W2802190050","https://openalex.org/W2888748842","https://openalex.org/W2898737590","https://openalex.org/W2900845907","https://openalex.org/W2901766968","https://openalex.org/W2903324234","https://openalex.org/W2913035667","https://openalex.org/W2945625184","https://openalex.org/W2946751840","https://openalex.org/W3001237688","https://openalex.org/W3009601661","https://openalex.org/W3034352328","https://openalex.org/W3081263041","https://openalex.org/W3083141743","https://openalex.org/W3121926709","https://openalex.org/W4211071219","https://openalex.org/W4234228894","https://openalex.org/W4234814990","https://openalex.org/W4242061123","https://openalex.org/W4249466980","https://openalex.org/W4302419464","https://openalex.org/W4398382743"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7154563694","https://openalex.org/W7163781187","https://openalex.org/W4320892902","https://openalex.org/W4402288159","https://openalex.org/W4387456731","https://openalex.org/W7056291393","https://openalex.org/W7122449732","https://openalex.org/W4407568358","https://openalex.org/W4402288125","https://openalex.org/W4415613633"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"divide":[1,24,188],"between":[2,42,77],"college":[3,78,160,180],"graduates":[4,7,79],"and":[5,28,35,46,73,80,107,136],"non-college":[6],"is":[8,55,118,162,189],"an":[9,56],"increasingly":[10,57],"important":[11],"political":[12,103,194],"cleavage.":[13],"In":[14],"this":[15],"paper,":[16],"I":[17,32,49,67,86,144],"document":[18],"the":[19,22,26,40,83,90,96,101,109,121,151,176,186,192],"rise":[20],"of":[21,60,93,111,120,124,153,166,175,191],"diploma":[23,84,187],"on":[25,155],"micro":[27],"macro":[29],"levels.":[30],"First,":[31],"use":[33],"ANES":[34],"CES":[36],"data":[37],"to":[38],"assess":[39],"relationships":[41],"educational":[43,53,148],"attainment,":[44],"partisanship,":[45],"vote":[47,65,127],"choice.":[48,66],"find":[50],"that":[51,69,89,146],"post-2000,":[52],"attainment":[54],"strong":[58],"predictor":[59,165],"partisanship":[61,168],"and,":[62],"in":[63,71,126,169,196],"turn,":[64],"demonstrate":[68,145,185],"differences":[70],"racial":[72],"culture":[74],"war":[75],"attitudes":[76],"non-graduates":[81],"drive":[82],"divide.":[85],"then":[87],"show":[88],"increasing":[91],"salience":[92],"education":[94,161],"at":[95],"individual":[97],"level":[98],"has":[99],"reshaped":[100],"macro-level":[102],"alignment.":[104],"Between":[105],"2000":[106],"2020,":[108],"percentage":[110],"a":[112,116,159,163,172,179],"county\u2019s":[113],"population":[114,177],"with":[115,129],"BA":[117],"one":[119,190],"strongest":[122],"predictors":[123],"changes":[125],"share,":[128],"highly":[130],"educated":[131,138],"counties":[132,139,170],"becoming":[133,140],"more":[134,141],"Democratic":[135,167],"less":[137],"Republican.":[142],"Finally,":[143],"county-level":[147],"context":[149],"conditions":[150],"effect":[152],"degree-holding":[154],"individual-level":[156],"behavior.":[157],"Having":[158],"stronger":[164],"where":[171],"larger":[173],"proportion":[174],"holds":[178],"degree.":[181],"Overall,":[182],"these":[183],"results":[184],"dominant":[193],"cleavages":[195],"contemporary":[197],"American":[198],"politics.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2022-04-26T00:00:00"}