{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4224253761","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13040633","title":"Optical Fiber\u2013Based Continuous Liquid Level Sensor Based on Rayleigh Backscattering","display_name":"Optical Fiber\u2013Based Continuous Liquid Level Sensor Based on Rayleigh Backscattering","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4224253761","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13040633","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35457937","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9027825"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/mi13040633","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13040633","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13040633","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/13/4/633/pdf?version=1650183432","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96702057","display_name":"Micromachines","issn_l":"2072-666X","issn":["2072-666X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Micromachines","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/13/4/633/pdf?version=1650183432","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011307680","display_name":"Xingqiang Chi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4230-1587","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4230-1587"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14116566","display_name":"Wuhan Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05w0e5j23","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14116566"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800710378","display_name":"Naval University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/056vyez31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405279797","display_name":"Wuhan Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/020wgeg63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405279797"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingqiang Chi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China","School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic, Wuhan 430074, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4230-1587","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14116566","https://openalex.org/I4405279797"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059319576","display_name":"Xiangjun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6199-1632","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6199-1632"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800710378","display_name":"Naval University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/056vyez31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangjun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xuan Ke","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31590910","display_name":"Jianghan University","ror":"https://ror.org/041c9x778","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31590910"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xuan Ke","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics and Information Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Information Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31590910"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31590910"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2094},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2094},"fwci":0.4743,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51244051,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"633","last_page":"633"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10846","display_name":"Photonic Crystal and Fiber Optics","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiber-optic-sensors","display_name":"fiber optic sensors","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liquid-level-sensing","display_name":"liquid level sensing","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rayleigh-backscattering","display_name":"Rayleigh backscattering","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coherent-optical-frequency-domain-reflectometry","display_name":"coherent optical frequency domain reflectometry","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryogenic-propellants","display_name":"cryogenic propellants","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liquid-nitrogen","display_name":"liquid nitrogen","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambient-temperature-effects","display_name":"ambient temperature effects","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strain-effects","display_name":"strain effects","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/repeatability","display_name":"repeatability","score":0.9909999966621399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778925768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454718","display_name":"Reflectometry","level":3,"score":0.757354736328125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21651689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1397427","display_name":"Fiber optic sensor","level":3,"score":0.7372368574142456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162","display_name":"Optical fiber","level":2,"score":0.7008192539215088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6689461469650269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46244369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193709","display_name":"Rayleigh scattering","level":2,"score":0.637978196144104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154020017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q520171","display_name":"Repeatability","level":2,"score":0.6055382490158081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187327482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580729","display_name":"Optical time-domain reflectometer","level":5,"score":0.5906922817230225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108939769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139370","display_name":"Liquid nitrogen","level":2,"score":0.508220911026001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4879602789878845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519885992","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161","display_name":"Fiber","level":2,"score":0.4695575535297394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6043685","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903153","display_name":"Refractometer","level":3,"score":0.43674591183662415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72293138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909741","display_name":"Temperature measurement","level":2,"score":0.436563640832901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.42315492033958435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45747243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7209154","display_name":"Polarization-maintaining optical fiber","level":4,"score":0.36959588527679443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3172859847545624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.2914661169052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42067758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174102","display_name":"Refractive index","level":2,"score":0.21777617931365967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.13686785101890564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10859009623527527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0904761552810669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.06853440403938293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/mi13040633","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13040633","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13040633","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/13/4/633/pdf?version=1650183432","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96702057","display_name":"Micromachines","issn_l":"2072-666X","issn":["2072-666X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Micromachines","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35457937","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35457937","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Micromachines","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9027825","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9027825/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Micromachines (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:21d94587b6474f7cb88f126d9769bdc9","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/21d94587b6474f7cb88f126d9769bdc9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Micromachines, Vol 13, Iss 4, p 633 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/mi13040633","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13040633","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13040633","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/13/4/633/pdf?version=1650183432","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96702057","display_name":"Micromachines","issn_l":"2072-666X","issn":["2072-666X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Micromachines","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5699905696","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41476153","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4224253761.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4224253761.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1578544274","https://openalex.org/W1978281411","https://openalex.org/W1982545511","https://openalex.org/W1987681420","https://openalex.org/W2000551873","https://openalex.org/W2011051384","https://openalex.org/W2014837370","https://openalex.org/W2037686463","https://openalex.org/W2045037654","https://openalex.org/W2058040463","https://openalex.org/W2079899543","https://openalex.org/W2085009766","https://openalex.org/W2140409241","https://openalex.org/W2143072775","https://openalex.org/W2149014001","https://openalex.org/W2163083591","https://openalex.org/W2292595854","https://openalex.org/W2316410684","https://openalex.org/W2359392948","https://openalex.org/W2552790144","https://openalex.org/W2767126022","https://openalex.org/W2768101599","https://openalex.org/W2889343396","https://openalex.org/W2906964609","https://openalex.org/W2943981762","https://openalex.org/W2972771007","https://openalex.org/W3090951222","https://openalex.org/W3092568756","https://openalex.org/W3174889029","https://openalex.org/W3215381233"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W759222722","https://openalex.org/W2906964609","https://openalex.org/W2023991451","https://openalex.org/W4412972362","https://openalex.org/W7214723844","https://openalex.org/W2087436806","https://openalex.org/W1979341681","https://openalex.org/W2380843265","https://openalex.org/W4234055364","https://openalex.org/W2061434404"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"work":[1],"reports":[2],"an":[3],"optical":[4,37,69,109],"fiber-based":[5,110],"continuous":[6],"liquid":[7,22,49,56,75,111],"level":[8,23,112],"sensor":[9,50,71],"for":[10,67,84],"cryogenic":[11],"propellant":[12],"mass":[13],"gauging,":[14],"which":[15,51],"has":[16],"significant":[17],"advantages":[18],"over":[19],"the":[20,44,68,81,90,99,105,108],"existing":[21],"sensors":[24],"in":[25],"terms":[26],"of":[27,43,64,92,107],"accuracy,":[28],"simplicity,":[29],"and":[30,57,77,95],"reliability.":[31],"Based":[32],"on":[33,98],"Rayleigh":[34],"backscattering":[35],"coherent":[36],"frequency":[38],"domain":[39],"reflectometry,":[40],"every":[41],"point":[42],"sensing":[45,100],"fiber":[46,70],"is":[47,52],"a":[48,61],"able":[53],"to":[54],"distinguish":[55],"vapor.":[58],"We":[59],"obtained":[60],"measurement":[62],"accuracy":[63],"1":[65],"mm":[66],"by":[72],"measuring":[73],"both":[74],"nitrogen":[76],"water":[78],"levels.":[79],"For":[80],"first":[82],"time,":[83],"practical":[85],"applications,":[86],"we":[87],"experimentally":[88],"studied":[89],"influence":[91],"ambient":[93],"temperature":[94],"strain":[96],"changes":[97],"performance":[101],"as":[102,104],"well":[103],"repeatability":[106],"sensor's":[113],"measurements.":[114]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2022-04-26T00:00:00"}
