{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4224253280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15040442","title":"A Clinical Perspective of the Multifaceted Mechanism of Metformin in Diabetes, Infections, Cognitive Dysfunction, and Cancer","display_name":"A Clinical Perspective of the Multifaceted Mechanism of Metformin in Diabetes, Infections, Cognitive Dysfunction, and Cancer","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4224253280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15040442","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35455439","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9030054"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ph15040442","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15040442","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15040442","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/15/4/442/pdf?version=1648892952","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S16322639","display_name":"Pharmaceuticals","issn_l":"1424-8247","issn":["1424-8247"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pharmaceuticals","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/15/4/442/pdf?version=1648892952","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072979521","display_name":"Elaine Chow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4147-3387","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4147-3387"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114914","display_name":"Prince of Wales Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02827ca86","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I4210114914"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elaine Chow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong 999077, China","Phase 1 Clinical Trial Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong 999077, China","The Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong 999077, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong 999077, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I4210114914"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Phase 1 Clinical Trial Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong 999077, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I4210114914"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong 999077, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I4210114914"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020273125","display_name":"Aimin Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2968-1762","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2968-1762"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114914","display_name":"Prince of Wales Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02827ca86","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I4210114914"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aimin Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong 999077, China","The Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong 999077, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2968-1762","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong 999077, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I4210114914"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong 999077, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I4210114914"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010700810","display_name":"Colin Ho Lam Chung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2821-6965","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2821-6965"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114914","display_name":"Prince of Wales Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02827ca86","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I4210114914"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Colin H. L. Chung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong 999077, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2821-6965","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong 999077, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I4210114914"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091832416","display_name":"Juliana C.N. Chan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1325-1194","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1325-1194"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114914","display_name":"Prince of Wales Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02827ca86","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I4210114914"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Juliana C. N. Chan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong 999077, China","The Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong 999077, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1325-1194","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong 999077, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I4210114914"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong 999077, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I4210114914"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091832416"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I4210114914"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2094},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2094},"fwci":0.7289,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61440814,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"4","first_page":"442","last_page":"442"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11339","display_name":"Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11339","display_name":"Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10401","display_name":"Diabetes Treatment and Management","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11140","display_name":"Natural Antidiabetic Agents Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metformin","display_name":"metformin","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-2-diabetes","display_name":"type 2 diabetes","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ampk","display_name":"AMPK","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gut-microbiota","display_name":"gut microbiota","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/short-chain-fatty-acids","display_name":"short-chain fatty acids","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mitochondrial-oxidative-phosphorylation","display_name":"mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immune-response","display_name":"immune response","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neutrophil-to-lymphocyte-ratio","display_name":"neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer","display_name":"cancer","score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-impairment","display_name":"cognitive impairment","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infection","display_name":"infection","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aging","display_name":"aging","score":0.39800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-repurposing","display_name":"drug repurposing","score":0.6620000004768372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780323712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19484","display_name":"Metformin","level":3,"score":0.9217058420181274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.58231520652771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777180221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 diabetes","level":3,"score":0.5308559536933899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.509795606136322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.4518345296382904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.4288245141506195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910068830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","level":3,"score":0.4124446511268616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780124434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12357464","display_name":"AMPK","level":4,"score":0.4101385176181793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.3355521857738495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502942594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3421914","display_name":"Cancer research","level":1,"score":0.33457523584365845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2934646010398865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.28722164034843445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.2700890004634857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97029542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q281417","display_name":"Protein kinase A","level":3,"score":0.228580504655838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95444343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cell biology","level":1,"score":0.14414721727371216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184235292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421851","display_name":"Kinase","level":2,"score":0.13320520520210266}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ph15040442","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15040442","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15040442","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/15/4/442/pdf?version=1648892952","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S16322639","display_name":"Pharmaceuticals","issn_l":"1424-8247","issn":["1424-8247"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pharmaceuticals","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9030054","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9030054","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:35455439","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35455439","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e19ee0fa552e4cf18bd087034314cb82","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e19ee0fa552e4cf18bd087034314cb82","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Pharmaceuticals, Vol 15, Iss 4, p 442 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ph15040442","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15040442","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15040442","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/15/4/442/pdf?version=1648892952","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S16322639","display_name":"Pharmaceuticals","issn_l":"1424-8247","issn":["1424-8247"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pharmaceuticals","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":0.4399999976158142}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322942","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4224253280.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4224253280.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":169,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1530129189","https://openalex.org/W1597817261","https://openalex.org/W1759025503","https://openalex.org/W1954798611","https://openalex.org/W1972942987","https://openalex.org/W1976509021","https://openalex.org/W1978128204","https://openalex.org/W1978690582","https://openalex.org/W1983644247","https://openalex.org/W1986005367","https://openalex.org/W1987116578","https://openalex.org/W1995265458","https://openalex.org/W1996641308","https://openalex.org/W2002310205","https://openalex.org/W2013047715","https://openalex.org/W2013374433","https://openalex.org/W2015871595","https://openalex.org/W2020388702","https://openalex.org/W2028160831","https://openalex.org/W2030444709","https://openalex.org/W2039800528","https://openalex.org/W2043750081","https://openalex.org/W2046306598","https://openalex.org/W2047516613","https://openalex.org/W2050191746","https://openalex.org/W2056934001","https://openalex.org/W2057397568","https://openalex.org/W2059196301","https://openalex.org/W2065130324","https://openalex.org/W2065995883","https://openalex.org/W2069028554","https://openalex.org/W2069483325","https://openalex.org/W2069494503","https://openalex.org/W2085331940","https://openalex.org/W2087190319","https://openalex.org/W2092340120","https://openalex.org/W2098289172","https://openalex.org/W2100093159","https://openalex.org/W2100580464","https://openalex.org/W2100644929","https://openalex.org/W2105296171","https://openalex.org/W2105487207","https://openalex.org/W2107166617","https://openalex.org/W2110951544","https://openalex.org/W2111413580","https://openalex.org/W2112662675","https://openalex.org/W2114349038","https://openalex.org/W2114391822","https://openalex.org/W2121225884","https://openalex.org/W2126753352","https://openalex.org/W2126978426","https://openalex.org/W2128188021","https://openalex.org/W2134315188","https://openalex.org/W2141537593","https://openalex.org/W2142937886","https://openalex.org/W2147187810","https://openalex.org/W2148755064","https://openalex.org/W2149030597","https://openalex.org/W2152839556","https://openalex.org/W2153269338","https://openalex.org/W2157671355","https://openalex.org/W2158731007","https://openalex.org/W2162361973","https://openalex.org/W2164882663","https://openalex.org/W2167639134","https://openalex.org/W2169214947","https://openalex.org/W2170760052","https://openalex.org/W2171294019","https://openalex.org/W2171979623","https://openalex.org/W2217461794","https://openalex.org/W2260182717","https://openalex.org/W2272943446","https://openalex.org/W2288971050","https://openalex.org/W2292957297","https://openalex.org/W2293697070","https://openalex.org/W2342802662","https://openalex.org/W2344558528","https://openalex.org/W2374285893","https://openalex.org/W2425790260","https://openalex.org/W2471776120","https://openalex.org/W2473725818","https://openalex.org/W2484644533","https://openalex.org/W2516186052","https://openalex.org/W2523617397","https://openalex.org/W2548759197","https://openalex.org/W2553515186","https://openalex.org/W2560185130","https://openalex.org/W2594969100","https://openalex.org/W2606102877","https://openalex.org/W2612859522","https://openalex.org/W2617940752","https://openalex.org/W2739746122","https://openalex.org/W2740475263","https://openalex.org/W2740802742","https://openalex.org/W2742200852","https://openalex.org/W2742254242","https://openalex.org/W2742954355","https://openalex.org/W2743010525","https://openalex.org/W2743743650","https://openalex.org/W2771899481","https://openalex.org/W2795022104","https://openalex.org/W2796081998","https://openalex.org/W2800681892","https://openalex.org/W2804416221","https://openalex.org/W2809300194","https://openalex.org/W2884428355","https://openalex.org/W2885932344","https://openalex.org/W2888022043","https://openalex.org/W2888308652","https://openalex.org/W2888538492","https://openalex.org/W2894993577","https://openalex.org/W2898587007","https://openalex.org/W2905962618","https://openalex.org/W2913895512","https://openalex.org/W2914902752","https://openalex.org/W2922547177","https://openalex.org/W2922808358","https://openalex.org/W2964576357","https://openalex.org/W2966851967","https://openalex.org/W2969944916","https://openalex.org/W2974058425","https://openalex.org/W2976197289","https://openalex.org/W2980829712","https://openalex.org/W2989320769","https://openalex.org/W2996847558","https://openalex.org/W2998114686","https://openalex.org/W2998420978","https://openalex.org/W2998689038","https://openalex.org/W3003692235","https://openalex.org/W3004223933","https://openalex.org/W3007281681","https://openalex.org/W3009389584","https://openalex.org/W3015707404","https://openalex.org/W3016349896","https://openalex.org/W3019405177","https://openalex.org/W3024432354","https://openalex.org/W3026508573","https://openalex.org/W3033634500","https://openalex.org/W3048020388","https://openalex.org/W3073804858","https://openalex.org/W3082787206","https://openalex.org/W3084144806","https://openalex.org/W3089119653","https://openalex.org/W3089135006","https://openalex.org/W3092089556","https://openalex.org/W3092470915","https://openalex.org/W3099453602","https://openalex.org/W3109186718","https://openalex.org/W3112273989","https://openalex.org/W3131218858","https://openalex.org/W3134953774","https://openalex.org/W3135227841","https://openalex.org/W3136768371","https://openalex.org/W3149338307","https://openalex.org/W3153727945","https://openalex.org/W3167217140","https://openalex.org/W3191584447","https://openalex.org/W3193155753","https://openalex.org/W3196917655","https://openalex.org/W3197518790","https://openalex.org/W3208206186","https://openalex.org/W3213738803","https://openalex.org/W4200026682","https://openalex.org/W4205256538","https://openalex.org/W4253996779","https://openalex.org/W4254445254","https://openalex.org/W6696771139","https://openalex.org/W6750106517","https://openalex.org/W6804220792"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3135039241","https://openalex.org/W7124137371","https://openalex.org/W2885932344","https://openalex.org/W4388911157","https://openalex.org/W7166513544","https://openalex.org/W4391391161","https://openalex.org/W3030902808","https://openalex.org/W2970237933","https://openalex.org/W3208206186","https://openalex.org/W2047844250"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"type":[1,43,177,194],"2":[2,44,178,195],"diabetes,":[3,179,214],"ecological":[4],"and":[5,50,66,80,93,107,122,132,139,150,156,173,208,230,238],"lifecourse":[6],"factors":[7],"may":[8],"interact":[9],"with":[10,26,85],"the":[11,40,57,109,117,129,152,160,200,220],"host":[12,130],"microbiota":[13],"to":[14,104],"influence":[15],"expression":[16],"of":[17,22,42,112,120,142,163,189,202,223,228,232],"his/her":[18],"genomes":[19],"causing":[20],"perturbation":[21],"interconnecting":[23],"biological":[24],"pathways":[25],"diverse":[27],"clinical":[28,155],"course.":[29],"Metformin":[30,96],"is":[31,51],"a":[32,184],"plant-based":[33],"or":[34],"plant-derived":[35],"medicinal":[36],"product":[37],"used":[38],"for":[39,46,187],"treatment":[41,231],"diabetes":[45],"over":[47],"60":[48],"years":[49],"an":[52],"essential":[53],"drug":[54],"listed":[55],"by":[56,100,145],"World":[58],"Health":[59],"Organization.":[60],"By":[61,115],"reducing":[62,102,146,166],"mitochondrial":[63],"oxidative":[64],"phosphorylation":[65],"adenosine":[67],"triphosphate":[68],"(ATP)":[69],"production,":[70,91],"metformin":[71,126,136,164,203,224],"increased":[72],"AMP":[73],"(adenosine":[74],"monophosphate)-activated":[75],"protein":[76,94],"kinase":[77],"(AMPK)":[78],"activity":[79],"altered":[81],"cellular":[82],"redox":[83],"state":[84],"reduced":[86,140],"glucagon":[87],"activity,":[88],"endogenous":[89],"glucose":[90],"lipogenesis,":[92],"synthesis.":[95],"modulated":[97],"immune":[98,113],"response":[99],"directly":[101],"neutrophil":[103],"lymphocyte":[105],"ratio":[106],"improving":[108],"phagocytic":[110],"function":[111],"cells.":[114],"increasing":[116],"relative":[118],"abundance":[119],"mucin-producing":[121],"short-chain-fatty-acid-producing":[123],"gut":[124],"microbes,":[125],"further":[127],"improved":[128],"inflammatory":[131],"metabolic":[133],"milieu.":[134],"Experimentally,":[135],"promoted":[137],"apoptosis":[138],"proliferation":[141],"cancer":[143],"cells":[144],"their":[147],"oxygen":[148],"consumption":[149],"modulating":[151],"microenvironment.":[153],"Both":[154],"mechanistic":[157],"studies":[158],"support":[159],"pluripotent":[161],"effects":[162,201],"on":[165,204],"cardiovascular-renal":[167],"events,":[168],"infection,":[169],"cancer,":[170,209],"cognitive":[171,205],"dysfunction,":[172],"all-cause":[174],"death":[175],"in":[176,193,211,225],"making":[180],"this":[181],"low-cost":[182],"medication":[183],"fundamental":[185],"therapy":[186],"individualization":[188],"other":[190],"glucose-lowering":[191],"drugs":[192],"diabetes.":[196,242],"Further":[197],"research":[198],"into":[199,219],"function,":[206],"infection":[207],"especially":[210],"people":[212],"without":[213],"will":[215],"provide":[216],"new":[217],"insights":[218],"therapeutic":[221],"value":[222],"our":[226],"pursuit":[227],"prevention":[229],"ageing-related":[233],"as":[234,236],"well":[235],"acute":[237],"chronic":[239],"diseases":[240],"beyond":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2022-04-26T00:00:00"}